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Biology 101 > Cell Cycle -Exam 3 > Flashcards

Cell Cycle -Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

A defining feature of living things

A

cell division

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2
Q

division of one cell reproduces the entire organism

A

unicellular organisms

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3
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell division for: 1

A

development from a fertilized cell

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4
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell division for: 2

A

growth

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5
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell division for: 3

A

tissue repair

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6
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division

A

binary fission

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7
Q

the way mitochondria and chloroplasts divide inside the cell

A

binary fission

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8
Q

Binary fission step 1

A

the bacterial DNA (“chromosome”) is replicated

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9
Q

Binary fission step 2

A

the cell elongates, pulling the two copies of the DNA apart

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10
Q

Binary fission step 3

A

plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two

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11
Q

2 μm long and 0.5 μm in diameter; its volume is 0.6 to 0.7 μm3

A

E. coli

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12
Q

circular double-stranded DNA that is 4,639,221 base pairs long

A

E coli genome

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13
Q

When fully stretched out, the genomic DNA is ___ as long as the cell

A

500 times

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14
Q

Under optimal conditions, E. coli cells divides _____

A

every 20 minutes

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15
Q

The ____ must therefore be copied in 20 minutes

A

genomic DNA

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16
Q

the genomic DNA is attached to the___

A

plasma membrane of the cell

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17
Q

It is attached near the genomic DNA’s origin of ___

A

of replication

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18
Q

When replication begins, the attachment points are __ and __

A

copied

pulled apart as the cell elongates

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cells or E. Coli have more DNA?

A

Eukaryotic cells, 1300 times as much as humans

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20
Q

DNA is in separate

A

chromosomes

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21
Q

Each chromosome consists of one very long

A

DNA double helix (averaging 130,000,000 base pairs in humans)

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22
Q

The DNA is associated with a large number of

A

proteins

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23
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins is called

A

chromatin

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24
Q

The major proteins in chromatin are called

A

Histones

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25
Q

In preparation for cell division, the DNA in each chromosome is __ and has thousands of __

A

replicated, origins

26
Q

chromosomes undergo several levels of coiling and become shorter, thicker and more compact

A

condensation

27
Q

Condensation reduces the length of the chromatin by a factor of

A

about 10,000

28
Q

When replication is finished, each duplicated chromosome consists of two identical DNA double helices

A

sister chromatid

29
Q

The chromatids are attached along their lengths by proteins called

A

cohesins

30
Q

There is a constriction where the sister chromatids are most closely attached called the

A

centromere

31
Q

During cell division, the __ are pulled apart

A

two sister chromatids

32
Q

Once chromatids are pulled apart they are called

A

chromosomes

33
Q

Cell divisions in eukaryotic organisms involve a repeating sequence of steps called the :

A

cell cycle

34
Q

when the chromosomes are copied

A

DNA replication

35
Q

When the two copies are divided

A

mitosis

36
Q

When the cell is divided into two

A

cytokinesis

37
Q

interphase takes up how much of cell cycle?

A

90% to copy DNA

38
Q

growth occurs where in cell cycle

A

throughout interphase not just during the s phase

39
Q

DNA becomes more and more tightly pack-aged until each pair of chromatids forms a distinct chromosome

A

Prophase

40
Q

The spindle fibers begin to form; these are microtubules that extend from the poles of the cell and attach to the chromosomes
(The two nucleoli, the sites of synthesis of ribosomal RNAs, disappear)

A

Prophase

41
Q

During prometaphase, the chromosomes continue to condense
The nuclear membrane fragments
The microtubules of the spindle begin to attach to the sister chromatids

A

Prometaphase

42
Q

During metaphase, the chromosomes align on the equatorial plane of the cell

This referred to as the metaphase plate

The alignment occurs when the spindle microtubules extending from the two poles of the cell “push and pull” on the chromo-somes
It is at this stage that the chromosomes are at their most condensed

A

Metaphase

43
Q

During anaphase (the shortest phase of mitosis), the two sister chromatids making up each chromosome are pulled apart

This occurs when the cohesin proteins are broken down

The spindle microtubules shorten as they break down at the two poles

This drags the chromatids towards the poles

The cell elongates during this stage (if it’s an animal cell)

A

Anaphase

44
Q

During telophase, nuclear envelopes start to form around the separated chromo-somes

The chromosomes start to become less condensed
(Nucleoli re-appear)

The spindle fibers break down
Mitosis is now complete

A

Telophase

45
Q

The _____ forms in the cytosol during prophase

A

mitotic spindle

46
Q

It consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins

A

mitotic spindle

47
Q

The assembly starts at the ___ (also called the microtubule-organizing center)

A

centrosome

48
Q

includes a pair of centrioles

A

Centrosome

49
Q

Not present in plant cells

A

centrioles

50
Q

The two centrosomes move apart from each other during ____ and ___

A

prophase and prometaphase

51
Q

Spindle microtubules grow out from centrosomes towards __

A

the equatorial plane

52
Q

The radial array of short microtubules ex-tending from each centrosome is called an

A

aster

53
Q

A structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere; each of the 2 sister chromatids has this

A

kinetochore

54
Q

The spindle microtubules attach to the __, one on each side of the ______

A

kinetochores, centromere

55
Q

At metaphase, the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are on the equatorial plane or known as:

A

metaphase plate

56
Q

a ring of microfilaments forms around the equator of the cell

A

cytokinesis in animal cells

57
Q

in animal cells, a ring of microfilament contracts and creates:

A

cleavage furrow

58
Q

cleavage furrow will contract and deepen until it divides into what?

A

two daughter cells

59
Q

the two daughter cells do not separate, but remain attached

moreover, the cell wall is rigid and can’t be squeezed to make a cleavage furrow

A

cytokinesis in plant cells

60
Q

in plant cells, plasma membrane and cell wall are laid down on the equatorial plane; it connects with the existing plasma membrane and cell wall

A

cell plate

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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