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Molecular and Cellular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

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2
Q

What are monosaccharide?

A

A Monosaccharide is a carbohydrate that is composed of one molecule of simple sugars such as Glucose.

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3
Q

What are disaccharide?

A

A Disaccharide is a carbohydrate that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars such as Maltose.

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4
Q

What are polysaccharide?

A

A Polysaccharide is a carbohydrate that is composed of two or more molecules of simple sugars, such as Glycogen and Starch.

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5
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are built via dehydration reaction and broken down by hydrolysis reactions

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6
Q

What are lipids ?

A

o Structure: 3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerolo Function: Energy storage, insulation, and protection

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7
Q

What are proteins?

A

o Joined by peptide bonds via Dehydration Reactionso Synthesis Stages: Primary, secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures

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8
Q

What are the four structures of plants synthesis?

A

o Primary Structure: Chains of amino acidso Secondary Structure: 2 types:B sheets , Alpha helixo Tertiary structures are made up of R- groups interactions forming either Globular or Fibrous proteins.Interactions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic partso Quaternary Structure: Joining of polypeptides or proteins together

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9
Q

What are Simple Proteins?

A

They are composed only on Amino Acids

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10
Q

What are Albumin / GlobulinProteins?

A

They form carriers and enzymes

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11
Q

What are Scleroprotein?

A

Fibrous Structures i.e. Collagen

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12
Q

What are Conjugated Proteins?

A

Simple proteins + non-proteins

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13
Q

What are Lipoprotein?

A

Protein + Lipids

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14
Q

What are Mucoprotein?

A

Protein + Carbohydrates

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15
Q

What are Chromoprotein?

A

Protein + pigment

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16
Q

What are Metalloproteins?

A

Protein + Metal

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17
Q

What are Nucleoproteins?

A

Histone protamine + nucleic acids

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18
Q

What are Coenzyme?

A

Protein + non-protein ( organic/ not found in diet)

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19
Q

What are Cofactors?

A

Protein + non-protein that are nonorganicsubstances i.e. metal, Zn, Fe, or prosthetic group

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20
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Chemical Messenger

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21
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Biological Catalyst

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22
Q

What are Structural Protein?

A

Physical Support

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23
Q

What are Transport Protein?

A

Transport

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24
Q

What are some characteristics of Enzymes?

A

o Enzymes decrease activation energyo Enzymes use substrates that interact with an active siteo Enzymes do not alter the equilibrium constanto Enzymes do not get consumed in the reactiono Enzymes are PH and Temperature sensitive

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25
Q

What PH environment best fits most enzymes?

A

o Most enzymes function best at a PH of 7.2. Few are acidic like Pepsin, which functions at a PH of 2 in the stomach. Others are basic such as Pancreatic Enzymes, which work best at a PH of 8.5 in the small intestine.

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26
Q

What are Competitive Inhibition?

A

o Competitive Inhibition: a “counterfeit” substrate,similar to the structure of the real substrate, attaches to the active site. The more of this substrate present, the more the competition. It competes with the real substrate for an interaction with the active site.

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27
Q

What are Noncompetitive Inhibition?

A

Noncompetitive Inhibition: IRREVERSIBLE: A“counterfeit” substrate forms a strong covalent bondwith the enzyme’s active site, making it nonfunctional.

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28
Q

What are Allosteric Inhabitation?

A

If a substrate attaches anywhere on the enzymebesides on the active site, the interaction is called an Allosteric Inhabitation.

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29
Q

What is the function of Protease?

A

Protease breaks proteins to Amino acids.

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30
Q

What is the function of Lipase?

A

Lipase breaks Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

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31
Q

What type of bond forms between carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates: glycosides bonds

32
Q

What type of bond forms between nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids: phosphodiester bonds

33
Q

What type of bond forms between proteins?

A

Proteins: peptide bonds

34
Q

What type of bond forms between lipids?

A

Lipids do not form chains

35
Q

What macromolecules does not form monomers?

A

All Macromolecules form chains of joined monomers, except lipids.

36
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Function: Storage of energy glucose, glycogen: animal energy storage

37
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Function: Energy storage, insulation, and protection

38
Q

What are the synthesis stages of proteins?

A

Synthesis Stages: Primary, secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures

39
Q

What are the main components of Cell Theory?

A

o All living things are composed of cellso Cells are the basic unit of lifeo Chemical reactions regulate certain process within the cello Cells arise only from pre-existing cellso Cells carry genetic info on DNAs

40
Q

What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

A

It manages the transport within and outside the cell.

41
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

o It is the main office of the cell, where DNA is found.o The nucleus contains inside of it both histones and chromosomes.o RNA synthesis occurs in the nucleolus, which is inside the Nucleus.o The nucleus controls cell division.o The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

42
Q

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

A

o Proteins are synthesized in the Ribosomes.o Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus.o Attached ribosomes are attached to an organelle like the rough ER.o Unattached ribosomes are floating in the cytoplasm.o Ribosomes floating in the cell synthesize proteins that will be used within the cell, while ribosomes that are attached to the ER synthesize proteins that will be exported outside of the cell.

43
Q

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

o The Rough ER has ribosomes. It is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins and lipids.o The Smooth ER does not have ribosomes. It is responsible for packing and storing protein that will be exported out of the cell.

44
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

It is responsible for modifying, packaging, and shipping proteins. Here is the process:1. The Golgi Apparatus receives the proteins from the ER.2. It modifies the protein using a process called glycosylation.3. It repackages them in vesicles.4. These packages are transported out of the cell via exocytosis.

45
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

o It is the powerhouse of the cell, where energy is made.o It is a sight aerobic respiration.o Mitochondrial DNA is identical in the mother as well as the offspring.

46
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

It is the jell-like material surrounding the organelles. Cyclosis is the streaming movement within the cell.

47
Q

What is the function of the Protoplasm?

A

It is the living part of the cell. Not all cells within a living organism are alive. For example, the dead cork cells of a plant do not have protoplasm.

48
Q

What is the function of the Vacuole?

A

It is the lunch box for plant cells, where their food and water is kept.

49
Q

What is the function of the Centrioles?

A

It is responsible for spindle organization They are found in the region of the centrosomes

50
Q

What is the function of the Lysosome?

A

o It contains hydrolytic enzymeo An injured cell may commit “suicide” (autolysis).o It helps white blood cells destroy viruses.o It is formed in the ER and then transported to the Golgi Apparatus.o If a lysosome is trying to get rid of an organelle, it fuses with that organelle.

51
Q

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

A

o It is responsible for shape and motilityo It is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filament • Microtubules are hollow rods, made up of polymerized tubulin i.e. centrioles, cilia, and flagella • Microfilaments are solid rods of actin, myosin. It uses amoeboid movement

52
Q

What is the different between plant cells and animal cells?

A

Plants have centrosomeso Plants have cell wallso Plants have chloroplasts

53
Q

What is SIMPLE DIFFUSION?

A

o It is passive transport, or it does not require energyo It moves dissolved particles down concentration gradient

54
Q

What is OSMOSIS?

A

It is simple diffusion of only watero It moves water from regions of high concentration to regions of lowconcentrations.

55
Q

What is Isotonic solution?

A

It is the equal movement between the cell and thesurrounding

56
Q

What is Hypotonic Solution?

A

Water will flow into the cell causing the cell toexpand and eventually lyse (burst)

57
Q

What is Hypertonic Solution?

A

Water will flow out of the cell, thus shrinkingthe cell (plasmolysis).

58
Q

What is FACILITATED DIFFUSION?

A

It is passive transporto It moves particles down concentration gradiento It uses special channels and carrier proteins

59
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

It can transport proteins against concentration gradient• Symporters: moves ions• Antiporters: exchanges one ion for another• Pumps require ATP to move ions in and out.

60
Q

What is ENDOCYTOSIS?

A

o It is the movement of particles from the outside of the cell to the inside using vesicles. When these vesicles are carrying water, it is called pinocytosis.

61
Q

What is EXOCYTOSIS?

A

o It is the movement of particles from the inside of the cell to the outside via vesicles.

62
Q

What is the Brownian Movement?

A

Brownian Movement is the process by which kinetic energy spreads small particles throughout the cytoplasm.

63
Q

What is the Extracellular Circulation?

A

Diffusion is a way by which food and Oxygen is moved within the cell. Nutrient diffuses between cells that are in direct or close contact. Circulatory describes movement that extends over a large distance.

64
Q

What is the Respiration Overall Equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6COs + 6H2O + Energy (36 ATP)

65
Q

What are the three steps of respiration?

A

o It has three steps: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport

66
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

Occurs in the Cytoplasm

67
Q

What is the net gain of ATPs of glycolysis?

A

Net gain of 2 ATP

68
Q

Besides ATP, what are the other products produced by glycolysis?

A

It, also, produces: 2 NADH2 2 Pyruvate

69
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic?

A

It is anaerobic

70
Q

What is the prep step for the Kreps Cycle?

A

o The pyruvate becomes 2 Acetyl COAo It produces: 2 CO2 2 NADH2

71
Q

Where does the Kreps Cycle happen?

A

o Occurs in the Mitochondria

72
Q

What are the products of the Kreps Cycle?

A

It produces: 4 CO2 4 NADH2 2 FADH2 2 ATP

73
Q

What is the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN?

A

o It is an aerobic reactiono H+ attaches ADP + P (phosphorylation) = ATP

74
Q

What is the Lytic Cycle?

A

The virus takes control of the entire cell and produces numerous progeny. This causes the cell to rupture and consequently the virus spreads.

75
Q

What is the Lysogenic Cycle?

A

The virus goes into the cell, acting harmless (provirus), and therefore the cell does notform resistant to further infection (super infection)

Biology (7 decks)

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