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Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Cretaceous Period best known for?

A

Cretaceous: dinosaurs and conifers

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2
Q

What is Triassic Period best known for?

A

Triassic: desert and reptiles

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3
Q

What is Permian Period best known for?

A

Permian: extinction of dinosaurs

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4
Q

What is Carboniferous Period best known for?

A

Carboniferous: Carbon, amphibians

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5
Q

What is Devonian Period best known for?

A

Devonian: plants started

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6
Q

What is Cambrian Period best known for?

A

Cambrian: expansion of life

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7
Q

What is Proterozoic Period best known for?

A

Proterozoic: bacteria

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8
Q

What is Paleozoic Period best known for?

A

Paleozoic: fish

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9
Q

What is Mesozoic Period best known for?

A

Mesozoic: dinosaurs

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10
Q

In energy cycles, what is assimilation ?

A

Assimilation is how living things get energy from a specific cycle (how theybenefit from the cycle).

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11
Q

In energy cycles, what is reservoirs

A

Reservoirs is where does the energy/element originate

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12
Q

In the Nitrogen Cycle, what is nitrogen fixation ?

A

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of N2 to NO2 or NO3. This is done by Rhizobium and Cyanobacteria

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13
Q

In the Nitrogen Cycle, what is nitrification ?

A

Nitrification is the oxidation of Ammonia (NH4) to NO2 and NO3.

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14
Q

In the Nitrogen Cycle, what is denitrification ?

A

Denitrification returns Nitrogen back into the cycle.

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15
Q

In the Nitrogen Cycle, what is ammonification ?

A

Ammonification is the conversion of N2 to Ammonia by bacteria and fungi.

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16
Q

In the Nitrogen Cycle, what is the assimilation?

A

Assimilation= Plants gain Nitrogen from the soil, animals gain Nitrogen from eating plants

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17
Q

In the Nitrogen Cycle, what is the release?

A

Release= decomposition releases Nitrogen back into the atmosphere

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18
Q

In the Nitrogen Cycle, what is the reservoirs?

A

Reservoirs = rocks

19
Q

In the Carbon Cycle, what is the reservoirs ?

A

Reservoirs: atmosphere (CO2), fossil fuels, organic material, photosynthesis, decomposition, and diffusions of oceanic Carbon

20
Q

In the Carbon Cycle, what is the assimilation?

A

Assimilation: photosynthesis, animal consumption of plants

21
Q

In the Carbon Cycle, what is the release?

A

Release: respiration, decomposition, combustion

22
Q

What is the difference between population and community?

A

Population is a group of one species living in a given area, whereas a community is all the species in a given area.

23
Q

What is the difference between habitat and niche ?

A

Habitat is the physical and chemical surrounding that a species live in, whereas a niche is the sum of activities and relations in which a species engage; what are these organisms doing in that habitat

24
Q

What is biomass ?

A

Biomass decreases as you go up the pyramid. Biomass is any resource derived from a living thing or recently living thing. A good example of biomass is wood. We take wood from living trees or recently living trees. We can take many resources from producers, but that availability decrease as you go up the pyramid.

25
Q

What is productivity ?

A

Productivity is the efficiency of energy production. It decreases as you go up the pyramid. The sun is the main source of energy. Even though photosynthesis is efficient by only 1%, producers have the most energy out of the other trophiclevels. So if photosynthesis is efficient by about 1%, then primary consumer would get a fraction of that energy provided to producers, and secondary consumers would get even less, and so on.

26
Q

What is R-selection?

A

R-selection are in unstable environments and thus are density dependent. These living things are usually small and does not need a lot of energy. They reproduce only once in their lifetime but they produce a lot of offsprings at once. These offspring reach maturity quickly. They have short life expectancy. Most of the individuals die, only few survives.

27
Q

What is k-selection ?

A

k-selection are in stable environments and thus are density independent. These living things are usually large and needs a lot of energy. They reproduce many times in their lifetime but they produce a one/few offspring at once. These offspring reach maturity slowly. They have long life expectancy. Most individuals live to near the maximum life span.

28
Q

What is J: Exponential Growth?

A

J: Exponential (Unrestricted) Growth increase with no limits

29
Q

What is S: Logistic Growth?

A

S: Logistic Growth: limiting factors limit the rate of growth, causing it to stabilize atsome point.

30
Q

What is succession ?

A

Succession is a gradual long-term change in an altered ecosystem. The engine ofsuccession is the impact of established species on the environment- so it is usuallygradual, but it can be sudden too like in the case of natural disasters.

31
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

On the other hand, in a secondary succession, the soil is present. For example, in wildfires, the tall trees are destroyed, but usually the soil survives.

32
Q

What is primary succession ?

A

Primary succession happens when the soil is notpresent, and the first organisms (pioneer organisms) produced in the community areautotrophs. For example, if a volcano eruption destroys a community. The lava woulddestroy the soil in this community.

33
Q

What is the main characteristics of the Benthic Biome?

A

Benthic: deep; lowest level at the ocean’s floor

34
Q

What is the main characteristics of the Nitric Biome?

A

Nitric: coastal water: sub littoral zone edge of continental shelf/ well Oxygenated water.

35
Q

What is the main characteristics of the Desert Biome?

A

DesertClimate: Very hot days; cool nightsSoil: poor, but rich mineral soilPlants: Catci and shrubsAnimals: rodents, snakes, lizards

36
Q

What is the main characteristics of the Tundra Biome?

A

TundraClimate: Very, cold harsh winters; cool summersSoil: poorPlants: grasses, wildlowers, mosses, …Animals: arctic foxes, snowhoe, hares, owl, hawks, rodents

37
Q

What is the main characteristics of the Grassland Biome?

A

GrasslandClimate: cool in winters; hot in summersSoil: richPlants: grasses and shrubsAnimals: lions and zebras

38
Q

What is the main characteristics of the Deciduous Forest Biome?

A

Deciduous ForestClimate: mild summers; cool wintersSoil: rich with a lot of clayPlants: hardwood such as oak and maplesAnimals: wolves, deers, birds, …..

39
Q

What is the main characteristics of the Taiga Biome?

A

TaigaClimate: very cold winters; cool summersSoil: acidic, mineral poor soilPlants: mostly spurce, fir, and evergreensAnimals: rodents, snowshoe, hares,….

40
Q

What is the main characteristics of the Tropical Rainforest Biome?

A

Tropical RainforestClimate: hot all year round with a lot of rainSoil: nutient poor soilgreatest diversity among plants and animals.

41
Q

How is energy, biomass, body mass, number of organisms affected as the food pyramid level is increased?

A

There is more energy, more biomass, less body mass, more number of organisms at the bottom of the pyramid than at the top.

42
Q

What is biomass?

A

Biomass is any biological material that is derived from living things. Thus, biomass is a renewable energy source since one can always increase the number of living by reproduction. An example of biomass is wood from trees.

43
Q

Describe an ecological succession and how a climax community is reached?

A

Ecological succession is a gradual process by which one community replaces another. Communities usually make their environment less favorable for them, but more favorable for the next community. The succeeding community would usually go through the same process as the first community, making the environment again favorable for the first community. When this replacement stops, a more permanent community is reached referred to as the climax community.

Biology (7 decks)

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