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Animal kingdom > Molecular 18-19 > Flashcards

Molecular 18-19 Flashcards

1
Q

Why cant genomes be 100% functional ?

A

It would require huge Ne and really short generation times

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2
Q

What is the C-value a good measure of ?

A

The haploid genome in bp

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3
Q

What are the 3 things that effect genome size ?

A

Genome duplications
Transposable elements
Deletions

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4
Q

What can have a profound effect on the C-value

A

transposable elements

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5
Q

What is literal DNA ?

A

Functional DNA that the order of nucleotides is constrained

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6
Q

What is indifferent DNA ?

A

Functional DNA but order of nucleotides is not constrained

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7
Q

What is garbage DNA ?

A

DNA that is selected against

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8
Q

What is junk DNA ?

A

DNA that is not useful but doesnt have deleterious effects so isnt selected against.

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9
Q

Why does the neutralist theory believe that most of the genome is non functional ?

A

Because cost of replication is negligible

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10
Q

Are large or small genomes more evolutionary successful

A

small

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11
Q

What is the c-value paradox ?

A

The lack of correlation between genome size and complexity

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12
Q

What is the G-value paradox ?

A

The lack of correlation between the number of protein coding genes and the complexity of an organism

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13
Q

Why do apes and humans have a different number of chromosomes ?

A

telomere-telomere fusion event between 2 ancestor chromosomes

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14
Q

What is molecular tinkering ?

A

A combination and modification of pre-existing functional and non functional genetic elements.

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15
Q

What is the protein domain ?

A

A well defined region in the protein that is stable and independently folding unit with a 3d structure
Has a distinct function

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16
Q

How many domains do function proteins have ?

A

2 or more

17
Q

What does internal duplication cause ?

A

Tandem repeats

18
Q

Why is internal duplication a particular problem for eukaryotes ?

A

Introns can replace exons which will effect splicing resulting in the loss of info

19
Q

What causes domain reshuffling ?

A

When exons correspond to more than one protein domain or when multiple exons correspond to the small domain

20
Q

What does domain reshuffling cause ?

A

Mosaic chimeric proteins: The gene contains sequences that are found in nonhomologous genes

21
Q

What is gene fission ?

A

A multidomain gene that is split into 2 or more transcriptional units

22
Q

What is the problem with gene fusion ?

A

One gene ends up being under control by the other promoter

23
Q

What is domain accretion ?

A

Domains can be added to existing domains to add complexity and alter function

24
Q

What is exonization and pseudoexonization ?

A

exonization: introns become exons this is generally deleterious
pseudoexonization: When exons become non functional

25
Q

What does alternative splicing of the primary RNA transcript result in ?

A

The production of different mRNAs from the same DNA fragment which will be translated into different polypeptides

26
Q

Why can genetic elements alter phenotype ?

A

They can jump to different places in the genome

27
Q

What is the difference between mobile and transposable elements ?

A

Mobile elements can be integrated into genomes where as transposable elements can only move intragenomically

28
Q

What type of transposable element has code for reverse transcriptase ?

A

Retroelements

29
Q

What are retrosequences ?

A

Accidental retro elements that exhibit no adaptation for retroposition

30
Q

What are retrogenes ? and what can they cause ?

A

They are functional retrosequences that produce a protein that is identical to the one produced by that gene that the retrogene is derived from.

31
Q

Give 2 examples of retroelements ?

A

long interspersed repetitive elements (LINEs)-pseudogenes

Short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs)- do not contain ORF and need help replicating and moving

Animal kingdom (13 decks)

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