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Animal kingdom > animal phys > Flashcards

animal phys Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two proteins that are most involved in establishing cell resting potentials?

A

Sodium-potassium exchange pump;

one kind of potassium ion channel

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2
Q

Who first said: ‘Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life’?

A

Claude Bernard

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3
Q

What can you use to measure the voltage across a cell membrane?

A

A microelectrode.

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4
Q

What functions does the resting membrane potential serve?

A

Provides energy for various things, including:
transport of substances
electric signals
cell volume

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5
Q

How do ions move across a cell membrane?

A

Through open ion channels (driven by electrochemical gradient);
or by the action of ATP-driven pumps

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6
Q

What determines the net direction in which ions move through open channels?

A

The electrochemical gradient

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7
Q

What two features are responsible for the resting potential?

A

Unequal concentration of potassium either side of cell membrane (more concentrated inside); and open potassium channels in resting cell membrane

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8
Q

What does the equilibrium potential for an ion mean?

A

Electrical potential (votage) across cell membrane at which the electrical and concentration (or chemical) gradients for the ion are equally balanced

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9
Q

What is the name of the equation that describes the relationship between a membrane potential and concentration gradient for an ion?

A

Nernst equation

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10
Q

Which are the major inorganic ions involved in electrical signalling in neurons and muscle cells?

A

Potassium; sodium; calcium; chloride

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11
Q

What is an increase in membrane polarity from resting potential called?

A

hyperpolaristion

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12
Q

How fast do spikes travel?

A

between 1m/s-100m/s

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13
Q

In which animal, and by who, was the ionic mechanism for a spike first demonstrated?

A

Squid; Hodgkin & Huxley

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14
Q

In what ways do properties of voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels differ?

A

Sodium channels open faster and get deactivated

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15
Q

What ensures that spikes are discrete events?

A

Sodium channel inactivation – means there is a refractory period following a spike during which a second spike cannot be triggered

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16
Q

What channels open in a presynaptic terminal to trigger the release of neurotransmitter?

A

voltage gated calcium channels

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17
Q

What technique is used to measure ion flow through a single channel?

A

patch clamping.

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18
Q

Give 3 examples of model synapses and the main findings from them.

A

Neuromuscular junction: Mechanism of psps
Squid giant axon: how pre synaptic potential regulates neurotransmitter
Electric ray organ: structure of a transmitter receptor plus channel

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19
Q

Who developed the patch clamping technique?

A

Neher & Sackmann

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20
Q

What does ‘IPSP’ stand for?

Which ions are usually involved in generating IPSPs?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Either chloride or potassium

21
Q

How can venoms immobilise potential prey – what are their possible sites of action?

A

Neuromuscular synapses

22
Q

What compound or compounds specifically stop the sodium-potassium exchange pump from working?

A

oubain

23
Q

Where does TTX come from?

A

Bacteria; found inside tissues and venom glands of various animals – primarily pufferfish

24
Q

Where does atraxotoxin come from and what does it do?

A

Funnel web spider; stops the inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels in axons of some animals

25
Q

What substance blocks the axonal voltage-gated potassium channel?

A

Tetraethylammonium (TEA); apamine – bees; dendrotoxin - mambas

26
Q

What kind of toxin is Prof. Olivera famous for researching, and what animals produce these toxins?

A

Conotoxin (from cone snails)

27
Q

How does ‘botox’ work?

A

Blocks neuromuscular junction by blocking exocytosis of neurotransmitter

28
Q

What is the excitatory neurotransmitter that lobster motor neurons use?

A

Glutamic acid

29
Q

What kind of chemical is curare?

and what is its major use

A

alkaloid and for muscle relaxation in surgery

30
Q

What is ‘transduction’?

A

Conversion of a stimulus into electrical signals in a sensory receptor cell.

31
Q

What causes a receptor potential in a sensory receptor cell?

A

Transduction leads to a change in the flow of ions through channels in the cell membrane.

32
Q

What is the name for the class of sense organs that monitor movements of parts of the body?

A

proprioceptors

33
Q

What is the coiled structure of the inner ear of mammals or bird called?

A

cochlea

34
Q

What length is a sarcomere stretched to for max force ?

A

2-2.25 micrometers

35
Q

What is a metabotopic receptor?

A

In metabotropic receptors, the protein that absorbs energy from the environment is separate from the ion channels.

36
Q

What is the photo-pigment?

A

Rhodopsin: an aldehyde (retinal) associated with a protein (opsin).

37
Q

What does light do to rhodopsin ?

A

Changes the conformation of the retinal, from 11-cis retinal to its isomer, all-trans-retinal. This stretches covalent bonds with the opsin, which activates an enzyme-like site on the opsin.

38
Q

Who discovered lateral inhibition?

A

hardline

39
Q

What does lateral inhibition do?

A

Enhances detection of edges in images

40
Q

Name the neuron types on the vertebrate retina.

A 
Photoreceptors (rods & cones)
Bipolar cells
Retinal ganglion cells
Horizontal cells
Amacrine cells
41
Q

Which of these types are responsible for lateral interactions?

A

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

42
Q

Who made significant discoveries about responses of neurons in the visual cortex in the late 1950s?

A

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

43
Q

Where is the ‘site of decision’ in a vertebrate motor neuron?

A

Axon hillock

44
Q

Who was the first person to make intracellular recordings showing how they integrate different psps?

A

J C eccles

45
Q

who developed the sliding filament theory ?

A

A F Huxley and HE Huxley

46
Q

What is the structure at which sarcoplasmic reticulum associates with a t-tubule called?

A

triad

47
Q

At what shortening speed do most muscles develop maximum power?

A

0.4 of maximum speed

48
Q

Who conducted the experiment on cell membrane resting membrane potential ?

A

Hodgkin & Horowicz

Animal kingdom (13 decks)

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