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MOLECULAR Flashcards

1
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is molecular biology?

A

Molecular biology is the branch of biology that explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved.

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2
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is the special property of carbon atoms and what does this allow them to do?

A

Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds. This allows them to form a diversity of stable compounds.

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3
Q

2.1 Understanding:

Life is based on four main carbon compounds, what are they?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

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4
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism.

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5
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules by condensation reactions.

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6
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules through the process of hydrolysis.

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7
Q

2.1 Application:

What is special about Urea?/What is it an example of?

A

Urea is an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized.

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8
Q

2.1 Skill:

Draw the molecular structures of glucose and ribose.

A

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/monosaccharides_med.jpeg

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9
Q

2.1 Skill:

Draw the molecular structure of a saturated fatty acid.

A

https://useruploads.socratic.org/kigJhtcGT0WVwwoejeTq_saturated-fat.jpg

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10
Q

2.1 Skill:

Draw the molecular diagram of a generalized amino acid.

A

https://o.quizlet.com/KrIdJkiVLOud7VqQKUZpoQ.png

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11
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: What are the four properties of water ?

A

Cohesive, Adhesive, Thermal, Solvent

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12
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: What is a water molecule made of?

A

Oxygen (8 protons, negative)

Hydrogen (1 proton, positive)

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13
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: Water molecules are polar, how do hydrogen bonds for between them?

A

When water molecules are near each other, hydrogen bonds form between them.

These H-bonds result from the electric attraction between the slightly-positive H’s and slightly-negative O’s.

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14
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: Define hydrophobic.

A

Hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances are not polar and so do NOT form H-bonds with water. They are insoluble.

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15
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: Define hydrophilic.

A

Hydrophilic (water-loving) substances are polar and so are attracted to water. This allows them to dissolve in water.

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16
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: Compare the thermal properties of water with those of methane using this chart.

A

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17
Q

2.2 Water
Applications: Explain how water is used as a coolant in sweat. Your answer needs to include the term high latent heat of vaporization.

A

Water’s high latent heat of vaporization allows organisms to use it as a coolant. When body temperature increases, sweat builds on the skin.
The water molecules absorb heat from the skin until it evaporates.
This energy is carried away and the body is cooled.

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18
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: What does the R Group in an amino acid determine?

A

How soluble this amino acid is

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19
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: How are glucose and sodium chloride transported in blood?

A

They freely dissolve in the blood plasma

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20
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: True or False. Water is a polar molecule able to efficiently dissolve in blood.

A

False

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21
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: How are cholesterol and fats carried throughout the body?

A

Lipoprotein complexes

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22
Q

2.4 Understanding: How are polypeptides formed?

A

Slide 182

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1CsXLP_WWD8suvdUqlhTpQJZ9H_Yg3CbpOylSzaDFbzI/edit#slide=id.p122

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23
Q

2.4 Understanding: How many different amino acids in polypeptides are synthesized on ribosomes?

A

20

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24
Q

2.4 Understanding: How are polypeptides linked together in a sequence?

A

190

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1CsXLP_WWD8suvdUqlhTpQJZ9H_Yg3CbpOylSzaDFbzI/edit#slide=id.p122

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25
2.4 Understanding: The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded by ….?
genes
26
2.4 Understanding: What can a protein consist of?
of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together.
27
2.4 Understanding: What determines the three-dimensional conformation of a protein?
The amino acid sequence
28
2.4 Understanding: Living organisms synthesize many different …. with a wide range of functions?
proteins
29
2.4 Understanding: How many proteomes does each individual have?
a unique proteome
30
2.4 Application: What are factors that can lead to the denaturation of proteins?
heat or by deviation of pH from the optimum.
31
2.4 Application: What are rubisco, insulin, immunoglobulin, rhodopsin, collagen and spider silk examples of?
range of protein functions
32
2.5 Understanding: What is an enzyme's active site?
An active site is the area on enzymes .to which specific substrates bind
33
2.5 Application: How is lactose-free milk produced?
slides 23-24 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1TZeQLfuDI5givwM6f6Ta4qY_FccKvpyAOYQUn_Pq8/edit#slide=id.p9
34
2.5 Understanding: What does enzyme catalysis involve?
Molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site.
35
2.5 Application: What are the advantages of lactose-free milk?
slides 23-24 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1TZeQLfuDI5givwM6f6Ta4qY_FccKvpyAOYQUn_Pq8/edit#slide=id.p9
36
2.5 Understanding: What is denaturation of an enzyme? How or when does it occur?
Denaturation occurs when an enzyme loses its shape due to an imbalance in one of the denaturing factors.
37
2.5 Understanding: What are the factors that affect the rate of activity of enzymes?
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
38
2.5 Understanding: How do we call the area on enzymes to which specific substrates bind?
Active site.
39
2.5 Understanding: What are immobilized enzymes? How are they used?
slides 19-21 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1TZeQLfuDI5givwM6f6Ta4qY_FccKvpyAOYQUn_Pq8/edit#slide=id.p9
40
2.5 Skill: What are some experiments that could be conducted to test the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
slides 29-34 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1TZeQLfuDI5givwM6f6Ta4qY_FccKvpyAOYQUn_Pq8/edit#slide=id.p9
41
2.5 Application: What is lactose intolerance?
It is when you can't digest lactose
42
2.6 Understanding: The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are ……
polymers of nucleotides
43
2.6 Understanding: How many strands does RNA have?
One.
44
2.6 Understanding: How many strands does DNA have?
Two.
45
2.6 Application: What is Crick and Watson’s elucidation of the structure of DNA?
slide 17 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.p11
46
2.6 Skills: Draw a simple diagram of the structure of single nucleotides of RNA, using circles, pentagons and rectangles to represent phosphates, pentoses and bases.
https://sites.google.com/a/canacad.ac.jp/sl-hl-1-biology-4-ferguson/04-dna/2-6-structure-of-dna-and-rna?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialog=1
47
2.7 Understanding: What is the replication of DNA highly dependent on?
Complementary base pairing.
48
2.7 Understanding: What is meant by “DNA is a semi-conservative process”?
each parental strand of the DNA helix serves as a template for the synthesis of a new and complementary daughter strand.
49
2.7 Understanding: What is helicase? Which role does it play in the process of DNA replication?
Helicase is an enzyme. It unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.
50
2.7 Understanding: Which enzyme links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template during DNA replication?
DNA Polymerase.
51
2.8 Cell Respiration | Understanding: ......... is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
Cell respiration
52
2.8 Cell Respiration | Understanding: True or False. Anaerobic cell respiration gives a large yield of ATP from glucose
False, small yield
53
2.8 Cell Respiration | Understanding: Does aerobic cell respiration require oxygen?
yes
54
2.8 Cell Respiration | Understanding: Name differences between aerobic and anaerobic cell respiration
Aerobic respiration takes place in presence of oxygen; whereas anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration, while alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration.
55
2.8 Cell Respiration | Applications: What is the role of alcohol fermentation in yeast?
It produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
56
2.8 Cell Respiration | Applications: Outline the role of lactic acid fermentation in muscle tissues.
In human muscles, anaerobic respiration produces ATP much more quickly than aerobic. A fast ATP source provides energy for more powerful muscle contractions. This produces lactate through lactic acid fermentation. When lactate levels increase, it can cause muscle aches and pain. It is broken down by the liver when oxygen is inhaled.
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2.8 Cell Respiration | Applications: What is the lactate produced during anaerobic respiration used for?
Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions
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2.8 Cell Respiration Skills: Outline how a respirometer works to measure respiration. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQL7J82mdwCTxEjX34WWZ0pdGAt5gK-nk8rvDDWOXVPDke58CH-W7oC9HHyp-7bx96HSiM&usqp=CAU
KOH at the bottom absorbs CO2 produced by respiration The respirometers are placed in a water bath As the seeds use O2 and CO2 is absorbed, gas levels decrease over time So, water is pulled into the pipets which can be used to quantify respiration
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8.2 Understandings: What processes does cell respiration involve?
oxidation and reduction of electron carriers
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8.2 Understandings: How does Phosphorylation affect molecules?
makes them less stable
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8.2 Understandings: In glycolysis, where is glucose converted to pyruvate?
in the cytoplasm
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8.2 Understandings: Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of …?
the use of oxygen
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8.2 Understandings: In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is ……….. and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound and attached to ……….. to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction
decarboxylated coenzyme A
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8.2 Understandings: In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of ……….. carriers, liberating ………
hydrogen carriers Carbon dioxide
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8.2 Application: What is electron tomography used for?
produce images of active mitochondria
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8.2 Application: Where do decarboxylation and oxidation reactions occur?
In the mitochondria
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8.2 Application: Why is the shape of mitochondria adapted to its functions?
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Understanding: True or false. The PCR method can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA
True
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Understanding: True or false. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to mass.
False, according to size
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Understanding: How does DNA profiling happen?
DNA profiling involves comparison of DNA
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Understanding: How is genetic modification carried out?
Genetic modification is carried out by gene transfer between species
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Understanding: What is a clone?
Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Understanding: Name two natural methods of cloning.
Segmentation, fragmentation
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Understanding: Animals can be cloned at the .......stage by breaking up the ........ into more than one group of cells
Embryo
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Understanding: Name a method for cloning adult animals
Using differentiated cells
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Applications: How is DNA used for profiling and forensic investigation?
By comparing the DNA strands
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Applications: Gene transfer to bacteria using plasmids makes use of restriction endonucleases and DNA …….
Ligase
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Applications: Name two potential risks and benefits associated with genetic modification of crops
Benefits: Crops can be modified to be pest-resistant. This means less pesticide will be sprayed. Shelf-life of food is improved, reducing waste. This decreases the overall area used for growing. Use of GM crop varieties decreases use of farm machinery. Risks: Non-target organisms can be affected by the toxins produced by GM crops. Genes for herbicide-resistance can spread to wild plants, creating super-weeds. Biodiversity could be reduced in areas where GM crops are grown.
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology | Applications: How are cloned embryos produced?
Cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer
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3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology Skills: Analyze this example of DNA profile. Who is the dad of the child? https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/paternitybefore_med.jpeg
Dad 3
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Understanding: In eukaryotic cells what is DNA wrapped around?
Histone proteins
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Understanding: What is semi conservative replication?
when a new double-stranded DNA molecule is formed: One strand will be from the original template molecule. One strand will be newly synthesised.
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Understanding: DNA replication is carried out by a complex system of….
Enzymes
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Understanding: True or false. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 5’ end of a primer.
False 3'
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Understanding: Do all regions of DNA do not code for proteins but have other important functions? sww
No, Some regions
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Understanding: ..... help to supercoil the DNA
Nucleosomes
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Applications: How were Rosalind Franklin’s and Maurice Wilkins able to study the structure of DNA
By X-ray diffraction
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Applications: What are tandem repeats used for?
DNA profiling
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Skills: Explain the Hershey and Chase experiment using this image.
https://www.yourgenome.org/sites/default/files/illustrations/process/hershey_chase_experiment_T2_yourgenome.png
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7.1 DNA structure and replication | Skills: Molecular visualization of DNA within the nucleosome
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Ftopicpage%2Fdna-packaging-nucleosomes-and-chromatin-310&psig=AOvVaw1KexZrCsu3MZ0Xrczo1kB8&ust=1654210195559000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCLDp36urjfgCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
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7.2 Understanding: Gene expression is regulated by ……… that bind to specific base sequences in DNA.
Proteins
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7.2 Understanding: What do Nucleosomes help to regulate?
transcription
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2.7 Understanding: What is DNA transcription? Describe the process.
the process by which the genetic information contained within DNA is re-written into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase
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2.7 Understanding: How is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes called?
DNA translation.
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2.7 Understanding: What is DNA translation? Describe the process.
slides 52-63 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_590
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2.7 Understanding: Which compound determines the amino acid sequence of polypeptides?
mRNA.
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2.7 Understanding: How is the amino acid sequence of polypeptides determined?
The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code
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2.7 Understanding: What are codons? What is their role?
Codons of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide
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2.7 Understanding: What is translation dependent on?
Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA
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2.7 Application: What does PCR stand for? What is it used for?
Polymerase chain reaction, it is used for | DNA sequencing
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2.7 Application: What are the applications of Taq DNA polymerase?
slides 40-41 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_344
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2.7 Application: What is common knowledge about the genetic code?
It is universal.
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2.7 Application: How is the universality of the genetic code demonstrated in the real world?
slide 63 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_590
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2.7 Application: Can genes be transferred between species? If yes, how is that possible?
yes, beacuse genetic code is universal.
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2.7 Skill: Outline the steps needed to interpret mRNA with an amino acid chart..
slides 57-60 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_552
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2.7 Skill: Who are Meselson and Stahl’s? What experiment did they conduct and how do the results provide support for the theory of semi-conservative replication of DNA?
slides 30-35 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_552
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2.7 Skill: Determine the RNA code that would be produced by the following DNA sequence: G G C C A T T T A C G A T C A T G G
C C G G U A A A U G C U A G U A C C
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2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids What elements make up carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids How do lipids function for cells?
Store energy
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2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids Carbon chains are principal features of both carbohydrates and lipids.  What is the primary difference between these two types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates form ring structures, lipids form long chains
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2.3 | Which of the following processes converts mRNA codons into proteins?
Translation
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8.1 Metabolism The substrate fits into which part of the enzyme?
Active site
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8.1 Metabolism As temperature increases what happens to the rate of enzyme action?
It increases
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8.1 Metabolism Enzymes are made from which biochemical molecule?
Proteins
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8.3 Photosynthesis In photosynthesis, what is ATP required for?
Carbon Fixation
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2.3 What happens when the ribosome encounters a stop codon?
A release factor is recruited, which dissociates the translation complex and releases the completed polypeptide
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2.3 Where does translation occur?
The Cytoplasm
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8.3 Photosynthesis What are the uses of sugar produced by photosynthesis?
To be broken down nd turned into ATP
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8.3 Photosynthesis What is the role of chlorophyll?
To trap light energy
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9.1 Understanding: What causes transpiration in plants?
slide 94 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65
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9.1 Understanding: Explain the 6 steps of the cohesion-tension theory.
slides 91-103 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65
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9.1 Understanding: What affects transpiration rates?
slides 104-106 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65
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9.1 Understanding: How is the structure of the xylem good for water passage under tension?
slides 123-124 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65
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9.1 Application: What are the characteristics of a xerophyte?
slide 108 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65
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9.1 Application: What are the characteristics of halophyte?
slides 109 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65
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9.1 Skill: What is a photometer, and what is its purpose?
slides 111 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65
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2. 3 https: //images.app.goo.gl/ExFPvtPt2FBtQvLCA What type of carbohydrate is this?
polysaccharide
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7.2 Understanding: Eukaryotic cells modify mRNA after……?
Transcription

IB Biology (4 decks)

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