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MOLECULAR Flashcards

1
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is molecular biology?

A

Molecular biology is the branch of biology that explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved.

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2
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is the special property of carbon atoms and what does this allow them to do?

A

Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds. This allows them to form a diversity of stable compounds.

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3
Q

2.1 Understanding:

Life is based on four main carbon compounds, what are they?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

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4
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism.

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5
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules by condensation reactions.

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6
Q

2.1 Understanding:

What is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules through the process of hydrolysis.

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7
Q

2.1 Application:

What is special about Urea?/What is it an example of?

A

Urea is an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized.

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8
Q

2.1 Skill:

Draw the molecular structures of glucose and ribose.

A

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/monosaccharides_med.jpeg

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9
Q

2.1 Skill:

Draw the molecular structure of a saturated fatty acid.

A

https://useruploads.socratic.org/kigJhtcGT0WVwwoejeTq_saturated-fat.jpg

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10
Q

2.1 Skill:

Draw the molecular diagram of a generalized amino acid.

A

https://o.quizlet.com/KrIdJkiVLOud7VqQKUZpoQ.png

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11
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: What are the four properties of water ?

A

Cohesive, Adhesive, Thermal, Solvent

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12
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: What is a water molecule made of?

A

Oxygen (8 protons, negative)

Hydrogen (1 proton, positive)

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13
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: Water molecules are polar, how do hydrogen bonds for between them?

A

When water molecules are near each other, hydrogen bonds form between them.

These H-bonds result from the electric attraction between the slightly-positive H’s and slightly-negative O’s.

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14
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: Define hydrophobic.

A

Hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances are not polar and so do NOT form H-bonds with water. They are insoluble.

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15
Q

2.2 Water

Understanding: Define hydrophilic.

A

Hydrophilic (water-loving) substances are polar and so are attracted to water. This allows them to dissolve in water.

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16
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: Compare the thermal properties of water with those of methane using this chart.

A

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17
Q

2.2 Water
Applications: Explain how water is used as a coolant in sweat. Your answer needs to include the term high latent heat of vaporization.

A

Water’s high latent heat of vaporization allows organisms to use it as a coolant. When body temperature increases, sweat builds on the skin.
The water molecules absorb heat from the skin until it evaporates.
This energy is carried away and the body is cooled.

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18
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: What does the R Group in an amino acid determine?

A

How soluble this amino acid is

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19
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: How are glucose and sodium chloride transported in blood?

A

They freely dissolve in the blood plasma

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20
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: True or False. Water is a polar molecule able to efficiently dissolve in blood.

A

False

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21
Q

2.2 Water

Applications: How are cholesterol and fats carried throughout the body?

A

Lipoprotein complexes

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22
Q

2.4 Understanding: How are polypeptides formed?

A

Slide 182

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1CsXLP_WWD8suvdUqlhTpQJZ9H_Yg3CbpOylSzaDFbzI/edit#slide=id.p122

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23
Q

2.4 Understanding: How many different amino acids in polypeptides are synthesized on ribosomes?

A

20

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24
Q

2.4 Understanding: How are polypeptides linked together in a sequence?

A

190

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1CsXLP_WWD8suvdUqlhTpQJZ9H_Yg3CbpOylSzaDFbzI/edit#slide=id.p122

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25
Q

2.4 Understanding: The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded by ….?

A

genes

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26
Q

2.4 Understanding: What can a protein consist of?

A

of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together.

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27
Q

2.4 Understanding: What determines the three-dimensional conformation of a protein?

A

The amino acid sequence

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28
Q

2.4 Understanding: Living organisms synthesize many different …. with a wide range of functions?

A

proteins

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29
Q

2.4 Understanding: How many proteomes does each individual have?

A

a unique proteome

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30
Q

2.4 Application: What are factors that can lead to the denaturation of proteins?

A

heat or by deviation of pH from the optimum.

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31
Q

2.4 Application: What are rubisco, insulin, immunoglobulin, rhodopsin, collagen and spider silk examples of?

A

range of protein functions

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32
Q

2.5 Understanding:

What is an enzyme’s active site?

A

An active site is the area on enzymes .to which specific substrates bind

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33
Q

2.5 Application:

How is lactose-free milk produced?

A

slides 23-24

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1TZeQLfuDI5givwM6f6Ta4qY_FccKvpyAOYQUn_Pq8/edit#slide=id.p9

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34
Q

2.5 Understanding:

What does enzyme catalysis involve?

A

Molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site.

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35
Q

2.5 Application:

What are the advantages of lactose-free milk?

A

slides 23-24

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1TZeQLfuDI5givwM6f6Ta4qY_FccKvpyAOYQUn_Pq8/edit#slide=id.p9

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36
Q

2.5 Understanding:

What is denaturation of an enzyme? How or when does it occur?

A

Denaturation occurs when an enzyme loses its shape due to an imbalance in one of the denaturing factors.

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37
Q

2.5 Understanding:

What are the factors that affect the rate of activity of enzymes?

A

Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.

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38
Q

2.5 Understanding:

How do we call the area on enzymes to which specific substrates bind?

A

Active site.

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39
Q

2.5 Understanding:

What are immobilized enzymes? How are they used?

A

slides 19-21

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1TZeQLfuDI5givwM6f6Ta4qY_FccKvpyAOYQUn_Pq8/edit#slide=id.p9

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40
Q

2.5 Skill:

What are some experiments that could be conducted to test the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

A

slides 29-34

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1E1TZeQLfuDI5givwM6f6Ta4qY_FccKvpyAOYQUn_Pq8/edit#slide=id.p9

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41
Q

2.5 Application:

What is lactose intolerance?

A

It is when you can’t digest lactose

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42
Q

2.6 Understanding:

The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are ……

A

polymers of nucleotides

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43
Q

2.6 Understanding:

How many strands does RNA have?

A

One.

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44
Q

2.6 Understanding:

How many strands does DNA have?

A

Two.

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45
Q

2.6 Application:

What is Crick and Watson’s elucidation of the structure of DNA?

A

slide 17

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.p11

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46
Q

2.6 Skills:

Draw a simple diagram of the structure of single nucleotides of RNA, using circles, pentagons and rectangles to represent phosphates, pentoses and bases.

A

https://sites.google.com/a/canacad.ac.jp/sl-hl-1-biology-4-ferguson/04-dna/2-6-structure-of-dna-and-rna?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialog=1

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47
Q

2.7 Understanding:

What is the replication of DNA highly dependent on?

A

Complementary base pairing.

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48
Q

2.7 Understanding:

What is meant by “DNA is a semi-conservative process”?

A

each parental strand of the DNA helix serves as a template for the synthesis of a new and complementary daughter strand.

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49
Q

2.7 Understanding:

What is helicase? Which role does it play in the process of DNA replication?

A

Helicase is an enzyme. It unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.

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50
Q

2.7 Understanding:

Which enzyme links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template during DNA replication?

A

DNA Polymerase.

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51
Q

2.8 Cell Respiration

Understanding: ……… is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

A

Cell respiration

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52
Q

2.8 Cell Respiration

Understanding: True or False. Anaerobic cell respiration gives a large yield of ATP from glucose

A

False, small yield

53
Q

2.8 Cell Respiration

Understanding: Does aerobic cell respiration require oxygen?

54
Q

2.8 Cell Respiration

Understanding: Name differences between aerobic and anaerobic cell respiration

A

Aerobic respiration takes place in presence of oxygen; whereas anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration, while alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration.

55
Q

2.8 Cell Respiration

Applications: What is the role of alcohol fermentation in yeast?

A

It produces ethanol and carbon dioxide

56
Q

2.8 Cell Respiration

Applications: Outline the role of lactic acid fermentation in muscle tissues.

A

In human muscles, anaerobic respiration produces ATP much more quickly than aerobic. A fast ATP source provides energy for more powerful muscle contractions.

This produces lactate through lactic acid fermentation.
When lactate levels increase, it can cause muscle aches and pain. It is broken down by the liver when oxygen is inhaled.

57
Q

2.8 Cell Respiration

Applications: What is the lactate produced during anaerobic respiration used for?

A

Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions

58
Q

2.8 Cell Respiration
Skills: Outline how a respirometer works to measure respiration.

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQL7J82mdwCTxEjX34WWZ0pdGAt5gK-nk8rvDDWOXVPDke58CH-W7oC9HHyp-7bx96HSiM&usqp=CAU

A

KOH at the bottom absorbs CO2 produced by respiration
The respirometers are placed in a water bath
As the seeds use O2 and CO2 is absorbed, gas levels decrease over time
So, water is pulled into the pipets which can be used to quantify respiration

59
Q

8.2 Understandings: What processes does cell respiration involve?

A

oxidation and reduction of electron carriers

60
Q

8.2 Understandings: How does Phosphorylation affect molecules?

A

makes them less stable

61
Q

8.2 Understandings: In glycolysis, where is glucose converted to pyruvate?

A

in the cytoplasm

62
Q

8.2 Understandings: Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of …?

A

the use of oxygen

63
Q

8.2 Understandings:

In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is ……….. and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound and attached to ……….. to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction

A

decarboxylated

coenzyme A

64
Q

8.2 Understandings:

In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of ……….. carriers, liberating ………

A

hydrogen carriers

Carbon dioxide

65
Q

8.2 Application:

What is electron tomography used for?

A

produce images of active mitochondria

66
Q

8.2 Application:

Where do decarboxylation and oxidation reactions occur?

A

In the mitochondria

67
Q

8.2 Application:

Why is the shape of mitochondria adapted to its functions?

68
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Understanding: True or false. The PCR method can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA

69
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Understanding: True or false. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to mass.

A

False, according to size

70
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Understanding: How does DNA profiling happen?

A

DNA profiling involves comparison of DNA

71
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Understanding: How is genetic modification carried out?

A

Genetic modification is carried out by gene transfer between species

72
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Understanding: What is a clone?

A

Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell

73
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Understanding: Name two natural methods of cloning.

A

Segmentation, fragmentation

74
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Understanding: Animals can be cloned at the …….stage by breaking up the …….. into more than one group of cells

75
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Understanding: Name a method for cloning adult animals

A

Using differentiated cells

76
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Applications: How is DNA used for profiling and forensic investigation?

A

By comparing the DNA strands

77
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Applications: Gene transfer to bacteria using plasmids makes use of restriction endonucleases and DNA …….

78
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Applications: Name two potential risks and benefits associated with genetic modification of crops

A

Benefits:
Crops can be modified to be pest-resistant. This means less pesticide will be sprayed.
Shelf-life of food is improved, reducing waste. This decreases the overall area used for growing.
Use of GM crop varieties decreases use of farm machinery.

Risks:
Non-target organisms can be affected by the toxins produced by GM crops.
Genes for herbicide-resistance can spread to wild plants, creating super-weeds.
Biodiversity could be reduced in areas where GM crops are grown.

79
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Applications: How are cloned embryos produced?

A

Cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer

80
Q

3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
Skills: Analyze this example of DNA profile. Who is the dad of the child?

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/paternitybefore_med.jpeg

81
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Understanding: In eukaryotic cells what is DNA wrapped around?

A

Histone proteins

82
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Understanding: What is semi conservative replication?

A

when a new double-stranded DNA molecule is formed: One strand will be from the original template molecule. One strand will be newly synthesised.

83
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Understanding: DNA replication is carried out by a complex system of….

84
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Understanding: True or false. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 5’ end of a primer.

A

False 3’

85
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Understanding: Do all regions of DNA do not code for proteins but have other important functions? sww

A

No, Some regions

86
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Understanding: ….. help to supercoil the DNA

A

Nucleosomes

87
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Applications: How were Rosalind Franklin’s and Maurice Wilkins able to study the structure of DNA

A

By X-ray diffraction

88
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Applications: What are tandem repeats used for?

A

DNA profiling

89
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Skills: Explain the Hershey and Chase experiment using this image.

A

https://www.yourgenome.org/sites/default/files/illustrations/process/hershey_chase_experiment_T2_yourgenome.png

90
Q

7.1 DNA structure and replication

Skills: Molecular visualization of DNA within the nucleosome

A

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Ftopicpage%2Fdna-packaging-nucleosomes-and-chromatin-310&psig=AOvVaw1KexZrCsu3MZ0Xrczo1kB8&ust=1654210195559000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCLDp36urjfgCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

91
Q

7.2 Understanding:

Gene expression is regulated by ……… that bind to specific base sequences in DNA.

92
Q

7.2 Understanding:

What do Nucleosomes help to regulate?

A

transcription

93
Q

2.7 Understanding:

What is DNA transcription? Describe the process.

A

the process by which the genetic information contained within DNA is re-written into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase

94
Q

2.7 Understanding:

How is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes called?

A

DNA translation.

95
Q

2.7 Understanding:

What is DNA translation? Describe the process.

A

slides 52-63

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_590

96
Q

2.7 Understanding:

Which compound determines the amino acid sequence of polypeptides?

97
Q

2.7 Understanding:

How is the amino acid sequence of polypeptides determined?

A

The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code

98
Q

2.7 Understanding:

What are codons? What is their role?

A

Codons of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide

99
Q

2.7 Understanding:

What is translation dependent on?

A

Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA

100
Q

2.7 Application:

What does PCR stand for? What is it used for?

A

Polymerase chain reaction, it is used for

DNA sequencing

101
Q

2.7 Application:

What are the applications of Taq DNA polymerase?

A

slides 40-41

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_344

102
Q

2.7 Application:

What is common knowledge about the genetic code?

A

It is universal.

103
Q

2.7 Application:

How is the universality of the genetic code demonstrated in the real world?

A

slide 63

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_590

104
Q

2.7 Application:

Can genes be transferred between species? If yes, how is that possible?

A

yes, beacuse genetic code is universal.

105
Q

2.7 Skill:

Outline the steps needed to interpret mRNA with an amino acid chart..

A

slides 57-60

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_552

106
Q

2.7 Skill:

Who are Meselson and Stahl’s? What experiment did they conduct and how do the results provide support for the theory of semi-conservative replication of DNA?

A

slides 30-35

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xcfL3Arp5szaDmshXCf5IYUrlRe1G8gkgzMfSi0IUyE/edit#slide=id.g106e1ecdd12_0_552

107
Q

2.7 Skill:

Determine the RNA code that would be produced by the following DNA sequence:

G G C C A T T T A C G A T C A T G G

A

C C G G U A A A U G C U A G U A C C

108
Q

2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

109
Q

2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids

How do lipids function for cells?

A

Store energy

110
Q

2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids

Carbon chains are principal features of both carbohydrates and lipids. What is the primary difference between these two types of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates form ring structures, lipids form long chains

111
Q

2.3

Which of the following processes converts mRNA codons into proteins?

A

Translation

112
Q

8.1 Metabolism

The substrate fits into which part of the enzyme?

A

Active site

113
Q

8.1 Metabolism

As temperature increases what happens to the rate of enzyme action?

A

It increases

114
Q

8.1 Metabolism

Enzymes are made from which biochemical molecule?

115
Q

8.3 Photosynthesis

In photosynthesis, what is ATP required for?

A

Carbon Fixation

116
Q

2.3

What happens when the ribosome encounters a stop codon?

A

A release factor is recruited, which dissociates the translation complex and releases the completed polypeptide

117
Q

2.3

Where does translation occur?

A

The Cytoplasm

118
Q

8.3 Photosynthesis

What are the uses of sugar produced by photosynthesis?

A

To be broken down nd turned into ATP

119
Q

8.3 Photosynthesis

What is the role of chlorophyll?

A

To trap light energy

120
Q

9.1 Understanding: What causes transpiration in plants?

A

slide 94

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65

121
Q

9.1 Understanding: Explain the 6 steps of the cohesion-tension theory.

A

slides 91-103

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65

122
Q

9.1 Understanding: What affects transpiration rates?

A

slides 104-106

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65

123
Q

9.1 Understanding: How is the structure of the xylem good for water passage under tension?

A

slides 123-124

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65

124
Q

9.1 Application: What are the characteristics of a xerophyte?

A

slide 108

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65

125
Q

9.1 Application: What are the characteristics of halophyte?

A

slides 109

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65

126
Q

9.1 Skill: What is a photometer, and what is its purpose?

A

slides 111

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mWBJQSl7s_5p9GsK6xgI1XJYT8ZcSdnP8FeVMvS2LJI/edit#slide=id.p65

127
Q
  1. 3
    https: //images.app.goo.gl/ExFPvtPt2FBtQvLCA

What type of carbohydrate is this?

A

polysaccharide

128
Q

7.2 Understanding:

Eukaryotic cells modify mRNA after……?

A

Transcription

IB Biology (4 decks)

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