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CELLS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1.1 Understanding: What is cell theory? Briefly discuss its history.

A

The cell theory states that:

  1. All organisms are made up of cells.
  2. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
  3. Cells are the basic unit of life.
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2
Q

1.1 Understanding: What are the 7 life functions?

A

MR. RHENG

Metabolism, Response, Reproduction, Homeostasis, Excretion, Nutrition, Growth.

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3
Q

1.1 Understanding: How does surface area to volume ratio affect cell size.

A

The surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) limits cell size because the bigger the cell gets, the less surface area it has for its size.

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4
Q

1.1 Understanding: What is cell differentiation?

A

Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell alters from one type to a differentiated one.

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5
Q

1.1 Understanding: What are the emergent properties of cells?

A

For example: cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems

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6
Q

1.1 Understanding: What are stem cells? What is their use?

A

Stem cells are cells that have not differentiated yet. They are used in the medical field to replace damaged tissues and cure important diseases.

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7
Q

1.1 Understanding: List the different types of stem cells.

A

Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

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8
Q

1.1 Understanding: Discuss the pros and cons of the use of stem cells.

A

What Are the Advantages of Stem Cell Research?

  1. Some stem cells can be transformed into pluripotent stem cells.
  2. The current treatment options for stem cells are numerous.
  3. Embryonic treatments can be developed through stem cell research.

What Are the Disadvantages of Stem Cell Research?

  1. Obtaining any form of stem cell is a difficult process.
  2. Stem cell research is a costly process.
  3. Adults have very few stem cells.
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9
Q

1.1 Understanding: What is the effect of stem cell removal on adults?

A
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10
Q

1.1 Application: Explain a typical example that questions the cell theory.

A
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11
Q

1.1 Application: Identify the 7 components of life and their source in Chlorella and paramecia.

A
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12
Q

1.1 Application: How do stem cells help cure Stargardt’s disease?

A
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13
Q

1.1 Skill: Calculate the magnification of a cell that has a diameter of 8mm and the teacher shows it with a diameter of 40mm in a drawing.

A
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14
Q

1.1 Skill: What are the qualifications of a light microscope?

A
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15
Q

1.2 Understanding:

What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures?

A

Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalisation while Eukaryotes have a compartmentalised cell structure.

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16
Q

1.2 Understanding:

What is the difference between electron and light microscopes?

A

Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.

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17
Q

1.2 Application:

Describe the structure and explain the function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas.

A

slide 143 - 151

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1TrUY08QkGSHbj1gcYcTDN3ZwsNMrMU80VeJe0pJCgN8/edit#slide=id.gd4c075aec9_0_230

18
Q

1.2 Application:

Describe the structure and explain the function of organelles within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf.

A

The palisade mesophyll layer is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. The palisade cells contain a lot of chloroplasts to help them perform this photosynthesis. The palisade cells are closely packed together to maximize light absorption.

19
Q

1.2 Application:

Name the process through which prokaryotes divide.

A

Binary fission.

20
Q

1.2 Skill:

Draw the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.

A

https://slideplayer.com/slide/15765865/88/images/6/S+Drawing+of+the+ultrastructure+of+prokaryotic+cells+based+on+electron+micrographs.jpg

21
Q

1.2 Skill:

Draw the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.

A

https://ibguides.com/images/2.3.2.png

22
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Understanding: Phospholipids form bilayers in water due to what property of phospholipid molecules?

A

Amphiphatic properties

23
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Understanding:When put in water, what happens to phospholipids?

A

They form a bilayer

24
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Understanding: What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

A

Integral membrane proteins are permanently in the cell membrane, while peripheral membrane proteins attach and detach from the cell membrane at different times.

25
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Understanding: What does the Mnemonic: Jet Rat stand for? (Hint: Functions of membrane proteins)

A

Junction, enzymes, transport, recognition, anchorage, transduction

26
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Understanding: What is the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

A

Maintain mechanical stability and integrity in the membrane

27
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Application: Why does cholesterol in mammalian membranes reduce membrane fluidity and permeability to some solutes?

A

Cholesterol functions to immobilise the outer surface of the membrane, reducing fluidity. It makes the membrane less permeable to very small water-soluble molecules that would otherwise freely cross.

28
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Skills: Draw the fluid mosaic model

A

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nverpvJorSyHa8Bm1eUKdOKgPSK0R6fLQiu8PCZ3LKlXs7vO48dJp1JdFui3qMVGx5dxJZFWGlNt34NUS4BFXzLSEwK0Hgu0WkB6t/+pWkvw4nQU1uzH0Ify7pXQWeP3a2GyzFJxNO4N31O/dF3xRu8hLiOciiJ+mPDTU6zUZz7R5sulctyiU0CZTMwHSRBvuw5bFTV9QuL36TwRj2vAzEH0T61zUmXa/6hcnwxysTS35coeQeidlrk5jDpINwX0xgk1Qf8V6PmvHmqXZ/ygES3NdNMT4rUpd3fdrT9IYK2szzcRZsIQ8lNFssFFKTTsxLJ/2moYjUGiUpXlVWXNTu+dGzclh3h6skgTbdx3JrjXk/xtWVoKlsemyDF7j1zXOg6IeYmRxPoDPZfqaKNPeBgljaHfZrwxq+uyHEjYH5WivOJP2vliKd+clJXtODzujBp1z0wkhCibXH1muxDi5EzZcQtoyXzx8QbnZFTEpEfJifIp3AEpFrVLy1Jbp/JJ1i0iV71X786b00isx5CfOZpD/UFW22OlXxM6v2R7Plj1N9KPzwVt7u3JBDvY5n+Bkw+iNtNTkNnzi2NKVUsf+A24/mr9MZ6lkD2XNcEAUPf3x058RyvwnoePTo0f2RLT8UCn0sx+LH9+/f//Tj6dwI80DijOnLLZxpdCXG17p/+m6K8PFrrPPL9es//bcvuyP+CNzglaCB6k5NqMopI3RVzhXez3nK5uNs0kOyaJFeSonLauAsGpYcdtY5kssVMU1xFuo+GSWSxcKGbZDqo+7gk1ntietJHiXUpIYsxcO+Euf1rSe4p5bxBoffC2FCfZ371LzzVYXPIP0F4o7Ip0JjLJqyiKLn6ES01+YmyvBqck1QEWc5JPt8iIZoaaY9jBz279x5B1u2e07Qpgkx7fENIbFoXbyVK7MkdVpMtrCJn7/78W+i0W9//xdWBIl5hxCdZar45k+cLsiSpCtyVCm0TxhOcEi0cMNxHGxJKN4QROaKHL05FBXa7z3eliQ1Il+H6O8VUnsxJjstVGWaazHh8A0lyHt/9U0C70HzhZz4/rwt8b0ZflbC078oPI5JUHkVQWpR8Q9JL8SIoUUfECFkjshEw+0a4rtINWtxHqTfFgz7P5KtWXP5pBMPhEOi0kzuEbIWlTr1hiIP7It4NKK8yYGVIpfFvAODO7MtstTqXNmxILjfbXIjq5L2IlEqxFmBL8o+y7UQkv24SxOO0po03T7yZwFhejYgXYUakj2kazHp4o6siBGlkd7b9z/5pP8gPu0hfgmk27Pt8E9uhCSz53zS+0y6oFcTw1DRiU0iJiZJN2lYJ9tScWg21/INWff9BEwJwUBSc2v0V5oZ+wVFjIAVRfCRSm81wBJS4DtbVm+U7pm3dzY/08dMYi4qSa9J0u0qM4HwielEZFYu5S4REVFJr2QAId57ntKu2TcE396HWzPCTG7MjzX1SRcqf2Dw60SF5OiGsMhH5eBv4tE7w2rw4uzcF7MXMNVezLjF+pTm1YlMQHqISlaS9BYjWcmwCWRTCXloIBVWuqItqduXXWIpMcp//8uP7JXTiG1jvrLTiBBH2Bm51nxeykHP1aQStKWYIIanmohmhm4uN/d8dBqGs0i/JgP3Cfsi/Jt9geuCy1udDvDmTZnJcLs0MBeNY5WBXqMhWr3dGO47tbiFt1Jg/fSuTbxcabfbGDBtoYY97LHhI4a8h367xp09I8xT62k++/N1X05wJLkwS06m8ZgPZoXSEG660SG2D46OXsFLluE09vYaNKsKNdB7vLNzcAQkUj10qGDrpH+a+O1o69UbXhYQ7mD/FZvykiH4nfZ+Pz5gA2b77m/UxxNsu3tDA/x4nCpxe2+fJ2s69u9u7m6+QpOUwUi5ve1ge3djY/P1/P2NZ8i5e40um5WFNRoQhuLV3cOe659cXUF18Hcq1urK5m+wcSQchDtg68rBCt262etb/xs4agZ0wy7bs1d3YKz/fWtrc3NrD80mHm/QrQc0h8eetOlvofJy5OX46W+9zopvs4d6Pjkfg/Tszj7hbtwO3I2ru9TkgSfmAOsb/tn19deBBwltbAYehr+OFPTDkRNj9RCHK/KG1+vY8T2T6I5cMjt4eycg/fa/1wOHxta8TZNh9GaR/gIHgSvIGfncVrE+OruJkc/tcXDv6tHY3bjS/j4g4R8PRy41uje4YQMjx+NhD2P/nfPPoNF/eDty5u7O3So7mBlc8HTUUCtvxu7GN2/GpK+PWnInqAUifTByNzojxv3HyzcBCatfjWthf+xpxYj0PZjBcO4RetgcuaPmLeiMqaZDSfrjEekTLlVMHI+8kHeHsilXVw6Hr8buxh8Czr39cOQ8JdKCyltF8IYNYniOTRDdJKOA2OUOTff/+TaH9V3/9Ll5Pj8WcXw7Q9DdChz8TG/gdEUzFxxvkGx7LYu7gcwAj3dXNrYOR5EF1JX38Z0/JP1hOPIWc7feDYSBS/KbYyYOoa9he4s4Y4tXTXnBahSTg3WONlY2d3AJ2VZrM5v9OV6xv5PEWd2WLsSNbRp4VYUAX939bZ10bu9gd4ME9LqfIIxUEM0GZTsdoGDgNjXe7V//j3O3PZYhKehzxMkG+1cxYLvl9r8OhebKiIGDiE9NlMturmBleQRX92vhEsxUEdyY0eycSfJfR0eHpGljNmn4rR3pFKizG/TvcKhgmoirgs0DbDXXdNmiyH7hrd2tV+yl7AXNJ7yJOwcHj9GIKhGqpsO/k5aPcILJBvZlRtpweq1q106N1dV6u2PnLiXAMj8jdu4JSskaDT7aor5N248d48JkBkPbz8YU1U+u7FFiNQRuw5Rl6rqmipzgSdF+0pYdNipuJbBPfb7FERrKU0l/eYOvxsdWs4/wcKv6VINaeNGy+bhThzXPLscIvFigkefpmMmvFyVi/3JRxMl2f/JySmrg/0iQUH45FvMv7r2c/zxpYRGrkPB9cI/w7DkrpPyiyaPLRLjW8VVwOf8JkfoLJ8M/DCGtVNLGRY9dpAaa1fPuuJKUC5+IEiYUedqvh0SwwFfTp45E1jrTzk6geDGLgzXTrXl5CBticOIKc2N8DX6AS8Y/iPvTqWJNhpq4E16S6OmpVlSJNi80eDMQvco1024u1eWk9v2QolXbLT1OBOfTItGniXqiSVMs3Z9X8ML9NWaS8UYQugN0eKyqV8usLiyRmSUYLIT9apGJepWI389KliZc64RozZYJh5MRJeo5GKJ6NZlZGIMmpygv5ZCXiSvaynCg2SIficl2g6rWh21WReLkJk0FuA5qQbhPEQPLkplZHBuDeIInnRWk2aFRyjoif4diZXiRh8pxoV36GebJUM0VGwjIzCxZJUK6x61DpJO4OhFahSJWoDahZbyeldN5Iub4ngcxyhXmA5HaXKO7GoJ0v9VdFHI040m0qx12MtQVTrfQ4cwsCboV+YzIzOISnTV4qNPkVY3RaZXmOPm6SGFiccoSYqtMRmZmubo2Z19XTLCzRb1augSrgeSLyoAmkS5ljZNrRDjDuRuhtve7pIib6XNmFuZ2otvgzCxrwrFcYb5PpDWWFipvMeDy33oMwkHToXl0jWo53yeWi3Kqdosm9lc7usxBc7h0KSqacIlSGby4ElfNktIQJemy8yiPbAHVNow8kC4EMXBrKAj+tMQJj+QC1QQdayIzixCadVGdPaKdWQiOMgS7c/IihwdVnMPTeMjMLNrgXK05TxgoZoS/p8rM6HuESNzw6q+MKLzLbZ/0uG2ZDXTPVYPloEX06hnPzeqih1p02eSgImpRm/pxXb6MHiYOEBu/UF2FqvxsPiGqIYNhJZ8mRmeSWyj0L23/i2kghozmmcMTXlRJS59XfoieO2UuHgl6Yi4woemC5espGchOgoK4iB/kHC0yJ7KBYZu0QEwVnstIwQ8eU9g74NvnmorHpOvIli93T4CTmDrwin2wxaJomceHLyPNnJSyMN1AWWQkCwYAI0nG1yOmZUZ9A4mlhBcubfgSSyyxxBJLLLHEEksssaiwM394Xl68XWiuANYf//Hro3efwST8+fHy/k/Xr9/4zBsnfxZoHOJ9e+5B6V8CQn18f/32z/B+j+2uc7s/+l8Mfn/E+0tZ7lze1sALi6ZcyvLr3JceLTyS/sKEX+wzb9OPV0xk3sGdnwX4TgS8vvu3l7Nmxu+FT/jFaqc2lK/M3mI+Nry8LcY/CamhaPc797//79lRmyaOu5CNU4n8q7PzKSUXb4tOH/Ha25/9SOd/nvYHxIqs801EMh2xQl1R2XBuirX/uRZrhaiWpVsastVD0sZvuN6Y3OgCZ+kePPdJ/0V6gVS1GGg6U4YalNBGT7ihXeGKKonFYiLEWfxREqjWchH+UQ75Gy9XlVi9IqI2egsbqqeNlt79IlrdGi9ESpC654XaKu9kUiElUOf9EWq8FDWMbitPh7y0Jya95rkW3Bx3Gg/srUzKoGpVcfqflb4z0Pp3sBDpz0LDxa2snpeMW/MjZMR22Qa7nD3eOoFqJ6yj7HSpD1hiB+ck6glV6fImLpokPQkdbiXtYai0r9Sb+jEo/xCs57h/MhYo458Qu1sUYMXQNktdxC2o4aAHq312Nwo/OboFkbnBEysb5HLoOkoD5+qI+Shob4NGv/6PkwJJR6+W9jppZVBnf3xZbt+dI6pKHHFkZ9KJNordNm8nEmaS3XS6lYt5wocdRSdtGh1oVXy++PAzUZpYyvJycOKi4XdXAXbGarmacClTh7A4GLHKcTI9jpCns6GyjJQxZCCCDNWpK9rCSngjWG/5089TInrU0uyAuEipGFL0fH488ym2Mjlt5MaOmLn0nBfwzRkFmrw9+vX27fe/n+DhEYIw2t/fFEYJpw1LLyUSC5HkfIkllrhEhGP/EcaHj0aqImLZPsUueUo15GbN0bOdBVIjOrB3tOPgzP0MzhH+jZP1JlK/aBPmmYhPce0Sdm+7KBLocdaGlYOzorNj56yCcE7ac3mUT/SP4xCDOOD8Ag3ovSARw9Y0a4pac92aqsTGo51SkTkgls7kBbkFt0ItXjnptYuJvFxMudW3W/SwJcw4cWr1xVkl0wlyJ2zgdKiuibVKmQ01vYQ2REOVCyPaKR4AOtSQdaBi0+XcmtJqo0ezlkRL8v7QU0J8VEfepfmNzsHWJepVa3PPRHNxuOM1+6etKS1eFsKh8VUPZaPLMe1ebADw7LUe5YeTIt9QutNHs9UH53uDw9bNjq0Umd+rKksTyxBJnlAr1BfI11HCoUyfcjROmBEfX+R/iwhX2DJXQ9TinE0WCkqR91pVmghzQj3LEvlCdYTz4D1CeYm7TUxPDWyrYutTzjDa42fNRbLPttA7kNlxpABKNLoIHBJFpCutQhuxDHtjDZga+lbWg6GUaFYODpiH3eXNLtj0aCHpcirkNYRjnBiA18X0rCKbK0yqGjE9MhdqemjKadvAj8+OZy0jYMqwuNLRFaMifjWkBXbAW4cRUh4nRnc1RSZVzCEs0izmmPSuGmJRB2nkzFGLN2Fr0cLibPzGSMBba07PconspK1BJQ4Oy409s5V+uyX2ohUQZhkNiSiNjVw4ipDknHa24dbZXmdKg6astwVCHKo+I5xmeHasSf34FJ9kRNIlDTChv9Z8/k4TN4RyDoatxQr+Ryk9JX0qwz3bhp6dtp7zWG3UF9b/IBBH0ZuRHqZyTgb3c5PBWnPPfj9XhKG5M6ymxmJszXdp0KBZ889590XAoh6b+T1kLjkNMUTLLMT+g1eNiFzeuTjziivERabQv8cwQwl9wgxhftldJRSJRUMfkY4q2MQhHqaJ6dUuTJ0fQmamOsqi1jxtoNMsXZprj5lXDGltyXMKguTiTME/Cuwy7z549vTB4PmDm/undtSW0zpPSRnwDZcllYZwiTrY0dxEBRklqSlNI5Yvl78s/ejhwbFtTB4c1+8hNkEkTVQU9DUPTjzKDGLLrc7SFv/HmbCVtteDcwm5gC8RxVN7VQ2dyeshab/wOko5T3dnlApSFtFYIqrz9Sog9wrQqhxEk5jHfs9XhtrD0wnpQhPZ90I0xi14DRSUirQmi3QDaaRFRo8eGyKToST0jMhY0Fwgm+O58E6l43uKUAp23/G3tBqKGDiiMO+I3+A/LRR0NjTl4aw5nB3ZtITdq bZIhrfzkD+1Qdk9KFFmZD9pfd8zLOGaSMs5XA6NvA3ENZEFNS3CiuL5ZMjm9jZm7xezeDBObZhx87gBqXkyZJolXD/ibw9xIjOl+iVl8oucTCl+64TFdO3UcCUm05hN9RqmFzQIeioqJ+TczRNrgLJnB8p/yYgd25uN1Pr8ExkvLJJlPLwp8fzh7yj5pECp5nmVet3zvLrx+wyuWGKJJZZYYjHw/3FC4oKLFKE+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC

29
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Skills: What model did Davson and Danielli propose as a diagram to describe the phospholipid bilayer membrane?

A

The model was described as a ‘lipo-protein sandwich’, as the lipid layer was sandwiched between two protein layers

30
Q

1.3 Membrane structure

Skills: Analyze the falsification of the Davson-Danielli model that lead to the Singer-Nicolson model

A

Through Freeze etching (involves freezing cells and then breaking the membrane apart. This splits the membrane down the middle.)

When scientists visualized membranes from freeze-etching, they noticed globular structures sticking out of the membrane.
These globs were proteins that crossed the membrane, which contradicted the ‘sandwich’ described in the Davson-Danielli model

31
Q

1.4 membrane transport

The 2 main components of cell membranes are?

A

Phospholipids and Protein

32
Q

1.4 membrane transport

They are 3 different plant cells with different solute concentrations. In cell A the solute concentration is 0.8%, in cell B the solute concentration is 0.7% and in cell C the solute concentration is 0.6%.

Between what cells would the movement of water by osmosis occur?

A

From cell A to Cell C

33
Q

1.4 membrane transport

What is Diffusion?

A

General term for movement of substances from high to low concentration.

34
Q

1.4 membrane transport

What is Osmosis?

A

Water moves from high to low concentration

35
Q

1.6 Understanding: What occurs during the interphase of the cell division process?

A
36
Q

1.6 Understanding: What is the outcome of mitosis?

A
37
Q

1.6 Understanding: How does cytokinesis occur in plants?

A
38
Q

1.6 Understanding: How does cytokinesis occur in animals?

A
39
Q

1.6 Understanding: What are some events that are regulated by cyclins?

A
40
Q

1.6 Understanding: What are the 3 main components that are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumors?

A
41
Q

1.6 Understanding: What are the 3 main components that are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumors?

A
42
Q

1.6 Skill: What is the formula for the mitotic index, and how is it calculated?

A

IB Biology (4 decks)

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