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Microbiology > Modules 9-11 > Flashcards

Modules 9-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

List natural defenses of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems (for infection)

A
  • “closed system” no normal biota (current knowledge)
  • WBC: lymphocytes
  • phagocytes
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2
Q

Lymphatic system fn and important structures

A

collects fluid blood vessels, filters it, removes waster and returns fluid to the circulatory system.
-spleen, lymph vessels, nodes at neck, groin, intestines

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3
Q

List the bacterial infections (7) cadiovascular and lymphatic

A
  1. Endocarditis
  2. Septicemia
  3. Anthrax
  4. Tularemia
  5. Brucellosis
  6. Plague
  7. Lyme disease
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4
Q

List the viral infections (3) cadiovascular and lymphatic

A
  1. HIV/AIDS
  2. Mononucleosis
  3. Yellow fever
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5
Q

List the Protozoal infections (2) cadiovascular and lymphatic

A
  1. Chagas disease

2. Malaria

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6
Q

Endocarditis def

A

inflammation of the lining of the heart

causes: bacterial, heart defects, circulating immune complexes, etc

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7
Q

Acute vs subacute endocarditis (signs/symptoms)

A

Acute: more severe, fever abdominal pain, heart attack-like symptoms

Subacute: slower, less severe, congenital heart problems heart valve defects can cause this, similar symptoms fever, abdominal pain, enlarged spleen.

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8
Q

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) what/how

A
  • bloodstream infection when normal oral flora enter the bloodstream.
  • bacteria can form biofilm, protection against phagocytes=can become a clot => tissue death
  • fever, fatigue
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9
Q

Septicemia def

A

active infection of the blood=> systemic infection

cause: fungi, bacteria, sometimes viral

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10
Q

Signs of septicemia

A
  • fever, chills, shaking
  • altered mental state
  • GI symptoms
  • increased breathing, respiratory alkalosis
  • low BP => fluid loss => toxic shock syndrome
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11
Q

Anthrax def

A

zoonotic infection of blood and lymphatic systems in livestock

cause: Bacillus anthracis (gram positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, catalase +, endospore forming[help survive a long time w/out host])

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12
Q

Anthrax forms (3) and signs

A
  1. Cutaneous - skin ulcers
  2. Pulmonary- difficulty breathing
  3. Gastrointestinal: digestive issues

fever, chills, swelling, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc

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13
Q

Tularemia def

A

zoonotic infection, wild animals, endemic on northern hemisphere (aka Rabbit fever) wild animals: skunks, rabbit, ticks, rodents

cause: Francisella tularensis - Gram negative, facultative intracell parasite

Bacteria can survive within the phagocytic cells when ingested=> spreads all over body

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14
Q

Tularemia signs/ symp

A
  • ulcer @ site of entry
  • enlarged lymph nodes
  • back pain, headache, general malaise

30% mortality rate w/out treatment
common in hunters

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15
Q

Brucellosis def

A

zoonotic disease, fever/undulant fever
nonhemorrhagic fever
-aka Bang’s disease/Malta

caused by: Brucella species, Gram negative coccobacilli

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16
Q

Brucellosis signs/symptoms

A

-fever, body aches, malaise, enlarged lymph nodes

at risk: hunters, ingesting unpasteurized foods

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17
Q

Plague def

A

infection in from wild animals ->humans

caused by: Yersenia pestis (common in ground squirrels, chipmunks, transmitted by flea bite)

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18
Q

Plague types (3)/signs/symp

A
  1. Pneumonic: inhaled bacteria
  2. Bubonic: ‘bubo’ on skin, lymph nodes necrosis (15% mortality)
  3. Septicemic: intravascular coagulation, subcutaneous hemorrhage purpura=> necrosis and gangrene, (30% mortality w/treatment, 100% w/out)
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19
Q

Lyme disease def

A

infection from bite of ticks (deer ticks most common)

Caused by: Borrelia burgdoferi (spirochete), evades immune syst by changing surface antigens
(humans thought to be an accidental host)

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20
Q

Lyme signs symp

A
  • somewhat delayed, tick needs to latch for 24hr to transmit enough bacteria for infection
  • bulls eye rash, fever, headache, dizziness, stiff neck
  • can progress to neurological and cardiac symptoms, crippling polyarthritis
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21
Q

Which of the infections are categorized as bioterror agents?

A
  • Anthrax
  • Tularemia
  • Brucellosis

-HPS (pulmonary)

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22
Q

HIV/AIDS def

A

Retroviral infection, isolate in 1980’s
HIV causing agent=> immunodeficiency (AIDS)

transmitted by: sexual contact, blood, perinatal/breast milk

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23
Q

HIV/AIDS signs/symp/tx

A

complex symptoms often pneumonia, sarcomas, weight loss, enlarged lymph, severe immunodeficiency etc

tx: antivirals asap

COD: often by secondary infection (most common TB)

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24
Q

Mononucleosis def

A

“kissing disease”, ~90% of world infected (treatable)

caused by: Epstein-Barr virus, has circular DNA that incorporates into host genome, latent state, transmitted direct contact w/ fluid (kissing)

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25
Q

Mononucleosis signs/symp

A

fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, rash, supportive tx to help body clear infection

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26
Q

Yellow fever def

A

hemorrhagic fever

transmitted by: mosquito bite

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27
Q

Yellow fever signs/symp

A
  • headache, red eyes, back pain, muscle aches

- Liver damage= jaundice= where the name comes from

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28
Q

Hemorrhagic fevers definition

A
  • fevers that cause inflammation of blood vessels that lead to bursting = hemorrhage
  • typically transmitted by biological vectors: mosquito
  • limited Tx: avoid bio vectors is best
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29
Q

List other hemorrhagic fevers

A
  • Dengue: mosquito bite, severe joint pain, rash
  • Chikungunya: bent over joint pain, cause alphavirus, no Tx,
  • Marburg
  • Lassa fever
  • Ebola: bat, fever/bleeding
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30
Q

Chagas disease def/ signs/ symp

A

caused by protozoan: Trypanosoma cruzi

symp: swelling, fever, fatigue, inflamm of heart and brain

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31
Q

Malaria def

A
  • inflection of RBC by 5 species of plasmodium

- human to human by mosquito bite

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32
Q

Malaria signs/symp/Tx

A
  • cycles of symptoms, fever/chills
  • enlarged spleen (increased filtering)
  • sickle cell ppl are resistant to malaria

Tx: antimalarial, avoid mosquito

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33
Q

List the upper respiratory structures

A 
nose
mouth
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx
epiglottis
larynx (voice box)
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34
Q

List the lower respiratory tract structures

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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35
Q

general airflow mechanism

A

nose-> nasal cavity-> pharynx-> larynx-> trachea-> bronchi-> bronchioles

36
Q

gas exchange happens at

A

the alveoli

37
Q

Pneumonitis definition

A

inflammation of the lining of the lungs

38
Q

Normal biota of the respiratory tract (5 main ones)

A

large # of organisms lots of contact, 9 bacterial genus mainly, ~2000 bacterial genomes.

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Haemophilus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Staphylococcus aureus
39
Q

Mechanical/physical barriers and protection of respiratory

A
  • sneezing/coughing
  • nasal hair
  • ciliary escalator
  • mucus
  • alveolar macrophages
  • cytokines, complement, secretory IgA
40
Q

List the upper resp infections (5)

A
  • Common cold
  • Otitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Streptococcal Pharyngitis
  • Diphtheria
41
Q

Common cold- cause/symp/Tx

A
  • cause: rhinoviruses (2-4 day incubation)
  • scratchy throat, malaise, runny nose
  • Tx: support
42
Q

Otitis/sinusisits: cause/symp/Tx

A
  • Haemophilus influenzae (Gram - rod), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram + diplococcus), some fungal
  • ear tenderness pain pressure, headache, green discharge
  • Tx: ABX, antifungals
43
Q

Strep throat: cause/symp/Tx

A

human-only infection
-Streptococcus pyogenes (main) [M. pneumoniae, Fusobacterium, N. gonorrhae] bacterial/viral
-red sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, white patches of pus
Tx: ABX

44
Q

what causes the white patches in strep?

A

Tissue damage done by bacterium as they interfere w/ opsonization, phagocytosis…etc.
Superantigens, meaning they avoid being killed

45
Q

what are some complications of untreated strep?

A
  • rheumatic fever
  • scarlet fever
  • glomerulonephritis
  • Neurological/cardiac damage
46
Q

Diphtheria: cause/symp/Tx

A
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae (club shape, gram +)
  • infection of the nasal cavity/throat, release exotoxins interfere with protein synthesis
  • Tx ABX, antitoxin (neutralize)
    preventative: Tdap vaccine
47
Q

The diphtheria toxin is called

A

A-B toxin, nonspore forming
Two part receptors, one binds to host mainly in the heart kidney and nerve tissue

Toxin form pseudo membrane-can dislodge and cause damage to heart, etc

48
Q

List the lower respiratory tract infections (3)

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Pneumonia
  • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
49
Q

Tuberculosis: cause/symp/Tx

A
  • Myobacterium tuberculosis (mimic cell mediated immunity), airborne
  • SOB, cough, fever, night sweat
  • Tx: multidrug regimen (BCG vaccine preventative in some places)
50
Q

Pneumonia cause/symp/Tx

A

Inflammatory condition of the lungs, alveoli fill with fluid

  • Viral/bacterial/fungal causes
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae accounds for 40% cases (30% viruses, 20% mycoplasma)
  • Tx ABX
51
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome cause/symp/Tx

A

HPS- airborne virus from rodents, induce inflammatory response

  • Hantavirus
  • Tx: supportive (25-50% mortality rate)

Category A bioterror agent

52
Q

Pertussis cause/symp/Tx

A

whopping cough
-Bordatella pertussis (gram -, aerobic, rod)
-cough, w/ gasp for air (3 stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent)
Tx: erythromycin, Dtap

53
Q

3 stages of pertussis

A

Catarrhal: inflammation of mucous membranes
Paroxysmal: cough/whoop, vomiting, broken blood vessels in eye (most contagious.
Convalescent: ciliated epithelia damage, not contagious.

54
Q

RSV cause/symp/Tx

A 
respiratory syncytial virus
-produces giant multinucleated cells
-inflammation in throat, earache, SOB
-more severe in children
Tx: none, prevention w/ passive immunity
55
Q

Influenza cause/symp/Tx

A

-orthomyxovirus family (1-2 day incubation)
-Tx: suppport, vaccine, viral genome constantly changes, hard to develop vaccine.
3 types:
Type A: most severe
Type B: outbreaks, less extensive
Type C: little importance

56
Q

List infections of both upper and lower respiratory tract

A

Pertussis
RSV
Influenza

57
Q

what does the influenza virus look like?

A

8 RNA strands enclosed in protein capsule, lipid envelope.
Glycoproteins:
-Hemagglutinin
-Neuraminidase

58
Q

what does hemagglutinin do

A

agglutination action on RBC - flu binds

59
Q

what does Neuraminidase do

A
  • breaks down protective coating of respiratory tract

- keeps viruses from sticking to each other, viral budding

60
Q

antigenic drift definition

A

minor mutations in glycoproteins

61
Q

antigenic shift definition

A

more dramatic change in glycoproteins, less common,

viral genome rearranges (a combination of two usually)

62
Q

Normal biota of urinary tract

A
  • nonhemolytic streptococcus
  • staphylococcus
  • corynebacterium
  • lactobacillus
63
Q

Normal female biota urinary tract (childbearing yrs)

A
  • variable
  • Lactobacillus (main)
  • Candida albicans
  • Prevotella
  • streptococcus
64
Q

Normal biota male genital tract

A

outside penis: pseudomonas, staphylococcus

uncircumcised: anaerobic gram - bacteria

65
Q

Defenses of the urinary tract (all genders)

A
  • urine flushing
  • epithelial shedding
  • secretory IgA
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
66
Q

Defenses of female (child/postmeno) urinary tract

A
  • mucous secretion

- secretory IgA

67
Q

Defenses of female (childbearing) urinary tract

A
  • acidic pH
  • mucous secretions
  • secretory IgA
68
Q

Bacterial cystitis: cause/symp/Tx

A

bladder inflammation

  • E.coli
  • urinary frequency, burning, pain
  • Tx: ABX
69
Q

Leptospirosis: cause/symp/Tx

A

blood infection caused by Leptospira interrogans (bacteria enters thru mucous membreanes->spreads)

  • headache, muscle pain, fevers, bleeding
  • Tx: ABX
70
Q

Urinary schistosomiasis: cause/symp/Tx

A

contaminated water helminth (worm) infection

  • Schistosoma haemotobium (lodges in bladder vessels)
  • itchiness @ entry site, fever, chills, diarrhea, cough, urinary symp to follow
  • Tx: Antiparasitics (Praziquantel)
71
Q

Vaginitis: cause/symp/Tx

A

inflammation of the vagina

  • Candida albicans (most common), Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan)
  • Tx: ABX, antifungals, depending on cause
72
Q

Vaginosis cause/symp/Tx

A

no inflammation but smelly discharge
-lactobacilli inbalance- bacterial growth
Tx: ABX get balance back

73
Q

Biota imbalance in reproductive tract (female) can lead to

A
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease

- infertility

74
Q

Protastasis

A

inflammation of the prostate gland

  • caused by normal biota of intestinal tract
  • frequent urination, groin and back pain
75
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease cause/symp/Tx

A

inflammation, infection in the upper reproductive organs uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
-cause: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis
Tx: ABX

76
Q

Chlamydia

A

tissue damage in testicles, fallopian tubes

  • Chlamydia trachomatis (spherical obligate bacteria)
  • ABX
77
Q

Name the two stages of chlamydia infection

A

Elementary body: infections, no host needed to survive

Reticular body: intracellular, replicating form

78
Q

Syphilis cause/symp/Tx

A

ulcer diesase (4 stages: primary secondary, latent, tertiary)
- Trepomena pallidum
-painful ulcers, rash, localized tissue damage
Tx: ABX

79
Q

Primary syphilis is

A

red painful ulcer (chancre) at site of infection, 3wk post exposure

80
Q

Secondary syphilis

A

most infectious stage, rash on palms and soles, 2-10wk after primary

81
Q

Latent syphilis

A

no signs of infection (can last years)

82
Q

Tertiary syphilis

A

localized tissue damage, cardiovascular and neurosyphilis can occur

83
Q

Chancroid cause/symp/Tx

A

Genital sores
-Haemophilus ducreyi - produce exotoxin
pus filled lymph nodes
-Tx: ABX

84
Q

Herpes cause/symp/Tx

A
  • Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (type 1 mainly cold sores)
  • itching, burning, pain, blisters,
  • antiviral (acyclovair)
85
Q

HPV

A

-Human papilomaviruses
-some strains cuase warty growths, precancerous lesions- can develop into cervical cancer
Tx: virus not treatable, preventable by vaccine

86
Q

Molloscum contagiosum

A

viral infection
-Poxvirus family
-wart-like growth in mucous membranes
Tx: removal of growth, virus not treatable

Microbiology (3 decks)

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