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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

secondary dye for endospore stain?

A

safranin

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2
Q

what is the decolorizer in the endospore stain?

A

water

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3
Q

what color is the vegetative cell in endospore stain

A

pink/red

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4
Q

what color are gram positive bacteria on gram stain?

A

purple

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5
Q

what color are gram negative bacteria on gram stain?

A

pink/red

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6
Q

bacteria in cluster arrengement called

A

staph

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7
Q

what shape is described as a sphere?

A

coccus

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8
Q

Disc that controls amount of light going through the stage on microscope?

A

diaphragm

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9
Q

part of the microscope that holds the objective lenses (can be turned)

A

nosepiece

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10
Q

lens in the eyepiece is called ___

A

ocular lens, has 10X magnification

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11
Q

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are best distinguished by which test

A

coagulase test

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12
Q

Which agar would best distinguish Proteus from Salmonella?

A

urea agar

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13
Q

Where will the strict anaerobe grow in thioglycolate broth?

A

only at the bottom

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14
Q

Which fastidious pathogen (digestive tract) requires a special agar and incubation at 42˚C w/ 5-6% O2 & 3-10% CO2?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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15
Q

E. coli grows what color colonies on MacConkey agar?

A

pink

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16
Q

T/F: Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-negative chain of spheres that turns Bile Esculin agar black.

A

False

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17
Q

In the Kirby Bauer test, the antibiotics were placed where ?

A

over the lawn of bacteria

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18
Q

cytology def, histology def

A

study of cells, study of tissues

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19
Q

Pathology def

A

study of disease

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20
Q

Four streps of Gram stain

A
  1. Primary staining with crystal violet
  2. Fixation with Gram’s iodine (mordant)
  3. Decolorization with ethanol
  4. Secondary staining with safranin
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21
Q

Blood Agar def, fn

A

enriched media to differentiate organisms based on hemolytic activity

  • beta hemolysis: clearing around colonies due to complete blood cell hemolysis
  • alpha hemolysis: green/brown around colonies media (partial hemolysis of cells)
  • gamma hemolysis: no reaction in surrounding media
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22
Q

Thioglycollate Broth

A

Sodium thioglycollate is a reducing agent (consumes oxygen), produces a range of oxygen concentration along the depth of the broth

to determine aerobe vs anaerobe vs obligate or facultative anaerobes

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23
Q

Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA)

A

General media for many organisms (has no factors), often used for growth

Confirms Campylobacter jejuni by means of motility

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24
Q

Beta hemolysis (describe media)

A

clearing around colonies due to complete destruction of red blood cells (ex: Strep pyogenes)

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25
Q

Alpha hemolysis (describe media)

A

greening around colonies due to change in hemoglobin on RBC (ex: Strep viridans)

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26
Q

Gamma reaction (describe media)

A

no change in blood around colonies (ex: Staph epidirmidis)

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27
Q

differential media is defined as one that…

A

has change in agar color

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28
Q

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)

A

for isolating yeast and fungi

has chloramphenical and gentamicin=inhibit bacterial growth, clyclohexidine inhibit saprophytic fungals

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29
Q

Mueller Hinton Agar

A

standardized disk diffusion for ABX sensitivity testing with Kirby Bauer method.

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30
Q

SXT blood agar

A

isolate beta hemolytic streptococci (esp fro throat culture)

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31
Q

Lowenstein Jensen agar

A

isolation of Mycobacterium species.

Has malachite green dye to inhibit most bacterial growth.

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32
Q

MacConkey agar

A

isolates Gram negative rods, differentiating lactose fermenting bacteria.
(bile salts inhibit gram + growth)
qualitative media

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33
Q

Chocolate agar

A

culture Neisseria and Hemophilus, contains factor X and factor V

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34
Q

XLD agar xylose lysine desoxycholate

A

for Gram negative enteric rods. Desoxycholate which inhibits gram + bacteria.

(Xylose is a carbohydrate source)

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35
Q

HE (Hektoen Enteric) Agar

A

for Gram negative enteric bacteria.

Bile salts inhibt Gram + growth

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36
Q

Bile Esculin Azine Agar

A

isolate and ID Enterococcus faecalis (esculin +), turns indicator black
(indicator is ammonium citrate)
sodium azide inhibits Gram neg

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37
Q

Bile Esculin Azine Agar with Vancomycin

A

for Vancomycin resistant enterococci

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38
Q

GN enrichment broth

A

selective for Gram Negative (GN) bacteria, ex: Shigella, Salmonella.

Desoxycholate and citrate inhibit Gram +

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39
Q

Sorbitol MacConkey Agar

A

lactose is replaced by sorbitol. Most strains of E. coli ferment sorbitol to produce acid.
except E. coli O157:H7 (cannot ferment sorbitol) this raises the pH fo the media allow for differentiation of O157:H7

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40
Q

Campylobacter (CAMPY) Agar

A

allows Campylobacter species to grow, inhibits fungi and Enterobacteriaceae

41
Q

Yersinia Selective Agar

A

used in qualitative procedures to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica.
Mannitol fermentaiton=bull’s eye colony formation, clear with a red center.

42
Q

Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar

A

for Gram negative enteric rods, based on abilty to ferment glucose and lactose or sucrose for detection of H2S production.

43
Q

Urea Agar (or broth)

A

differentiation of bacteria based on urease activity.

Bacteria use urea=ammonia is formed (basic)=pehnol turns pink/red

44
Q

Simmons Citrate Agar

A

Gram negative enteric rods using citrate as carbon source.

citrate used=alkaline environment turns indicator blue

45
Q

BiGGY (Nickerson) Agar

A

for Candida species

Reduce bismuth sulfide=> brown/black pigment

46
Q

Modified Thayer Martin Chocolate Agar

A

Qualitative media to isolate Neisseria gonorrheae and Neisseria meningitidis. Has factors X and V.

Colistin inhibit gram neg bacteria
vancomycin inhibits gram pos bateria
nystatin suppresses growth of Candida albicans

47
Q

DNase Agar

A

to detect DNase activity in bacteria. Bacteria that produce DNase alter the DNA in the media right next to their growth.

48
Q

Mannitol Salt Agar

A

for isolating Staphylococcus, (7.5% NaCl inhibits any other growth)
Staph aureus ferments mannitol= acidic environment=> phenol red indicator> yellow

49
Q

Rodac Plate

A

to determine efficiency of sanitation containers, equipment, and surfaces. contains TSA

50
Q

Litmus Milk Broth

A

To maintain lactic acid bacteria, to determine the action of bacteria on milk. Differentiating them based on lactose fermentation, coagulation of casein, gas production, reduction of litmus.

51
Q

Bacitracin disc (A disc) Test

A

presuptive ID of Strep pyogenes. Low concentrations of bacitracin to inhibit growth.
(disk usually contains 0.04 units bacitracin)

52
Q

Optochin disc (P disc) Test

A

presuptive test to ID Strep pneumonia, it is not resistant and a zone of inhibition will develop around disk (usually 14mm in diameter)

53
Q

CAMP test

A

to ID Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep). weak beta hemolysis of Group B strep will synergistically combines with beta hemolysis from Staph aureus=> forms arrowhead shape of strong hemolysis, characteristic of CAMP

54
Q

Oxidase test

A

To differentiate between Pseudomon (oxidase +) families and Enterobacter families (oxidase - )
oxidase positive will turn blue/dark purple

55
Q

Indole test

A

Tryptone broth to determine indole production by Enterobacters. Bacteria take tryptophan and make indole.
Red= + (indole produced)
yellow= negative

56
Q

Methyl Red test

A

for glucose fermentation, add methyl red to tube, if organism uses the sugar in the broth=acidic conditions.

If yellow=no acidic product negative
Red= stable acidic product (glu fermenter)

57
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumpting. Cells containing antigens to a given antibody will react when mixed with the solution. agglutination usually indicative of antibody presence.

58
Q

Germ tube (test)

A

a germ tube is a filamentous extension of a yeast cell (arm like growth) up to 3-4 times the length of the cell.
common in Candida albicans.

59
Q

Catalase test

A

ID organisms that produce catalase enzyme, it convers hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas.

differentiating staphylococci (catalase +) and streptococci, enterococci (catalase neg)

60
Q

Coagulase test

A

if an enzyme produced exoenzyme coagulase (causes fibrin of blood to clot)
differentiating Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

61
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes flow chart

A 
gram positive spheres in chain
⬇︎
pinpoint colonies, Beta hemolysis on BAP
⬇︎
inhibition by bacitracin disc
62
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae flow chart

A

gram positive spheres in chain
⬇︎
beta hemolysis on BAP, grey/white colonies
⬇︎
Id by + CAMP test (characteristic arrowhead)

63
Q

Streptocossus pneumoniae flow chart

A

gram positive spheres usually in pairs
⬇︎
alpha hemolylitic on BAP, facultative anaerobe
⬇︎
zone of inhibition with Optochin disc (P disc)

64
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae flow chart

A 
gram negative rod, non-motile
⬇︎
pink mucoid colonies on MacConkey agar
⬇︎
lactose fermenting, facultative anaerobe
65
Q

Haemophilus influenzae flow chart

A

gram negative coccobacilli (oval-ish)
⬇︎
capnophillic (thrive on high CO2), fastidious: needs factor V and X present on CAP, BAP lacks V

66
Q

Haemophilus parainfluenzae flow chart

A 
gram neg coccobacilli
⬇︎
campnophillic, requires only factor V
⬇︎ 
satellites on agar with no factors like TSA (this distinguishes from H. influenzae)
67
Q

The four steps of Endospore stain

A
  1. primary stain with hot Malachite Green
  2. Rinse w/ DI water
  3. secondary stain with Safranin
  4. Rinse w/ DI water
68
Q

Steps of Acid Fast stain

A
  1. Primary stain w/ hot Carbol Fuchsin
  2. Rinse w/ DI water
  3. Decolorize with Acid-alcohol (HCl and ethanol)
  4. Secondary stain: Methylene Blue
69
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis flow chart

A 
rod-shaped non-motile
⬇︎
Acid-fast stain (M tuberculosis=red, everything else=blue)
⬇︎
grown on Lowenstein-Jensen agar
70
Q

Escherichia Coli flow chart

A 
gram negative rod
⬇︎
Gamma rxn on BAP, lactose fermenter pink on MacConkey
⬇︎
facultative anaerobe

no growth on bile esculin or mannitol salt

71
Q

Enterobacter sp flow chart

A 
gram neg, rod shaped
⬇︎
-grey on BAP
-pink mucoid on MacConkey (lactose fermenter)
-yellow on XLD
-orange on HE
72
Q

Proteus sp. flow chart

A

gram neg rods
⬇︎
urease producer, H2S producer= black precipitate
⬇︎
NOT lactose fermenter= colorless on MacConkey
⬇︎
-red w black center on XLD
-green w black center on HE
⬇︎
“proteus swarming’ waves on agar as species travel across surface

73
Q

Shigella sp. flow chart

A 
gram neg rods
⬇︎
NOT lactose fermenter-colorless on McConkey
-red on XLD
-Green on HE
74
Q

Salmonella sp flow chart

A 
gram neg rods
⬇︎
NOT lactose fermenter- colorless on McConkey
⬇︎
H2S producer- black precipitate
-red/black center on XLD
-green on HE
75
Q

Pseudomonas sp flow chart

A

gram neg rods
⬇︎
-NOT lactose fermenters= colorness on MacConkey
-red on XLD
-green on HE
⬇︎
produce oxidase=> turn blue w oxidase reagent

76
Q

Campylobacter jejuni flow chart

A 
gram neg spiral rods, motile
⬇︎
CAMPY agar: incubation at 42˚C w/ 5-6% O2 & 3-10% CO2
⬇︎
TSA agar also confirms it by motility
77
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica flow chart

A 
gran negative rods, motile
⬇︎
Yersinia selective agar
⬇︎
bullseye colony formation: clear w red center
78
Q

Neisseria gonorrheae flow chart

A 
gram neg, diplococcus
⬇︎
fastidious: needs 10% CO2 on Chocolate or MTM Chocolate (factors X and V)
⬇︎
oxidase positive after incubation (blue)
79
Q

Trepomena pallidum flow chart

A 
spirochetes
⬇︎
don't grow on artificial media
⬇︎
ID w rapid plasma reagin test on a serum sample
80
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis flow chart

A 
gram neg(like) bacteria in coccus/rod shapes
⬇︎
obligate aerobe, intracell parasite
⬇︎
humans only, the major cause of STIs
81
Q

Neisseria meningitidis flow chart

A

gram negative, coffee bean shaped diplococci
⬇︎
best grows at 35-37C (5% CO2= candle jar)
⬇︎
grows on BAP ( unpigmented, round smooth colonies) and chocolate agar (large grey/colorless colonies)

82
Q

Staphylococcus aureus flow chart

A 
gram positive cluster of spheres
⬇︎
-Beta hemolysis on BAP
-catalase +
-coagulase +
-DNase +
-ferments mannitol
⬇︎
No growth on MacConkey or Bile Esculin
83
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis flow chart

A 
gram positive clusters of cocci
⬇︎
-gamma on BAP
-catalase +
⬇︎
-coagulase neg
-DNase neg
-doesn't ferment mannitol
84
Q

Clostridium perfringens flow chart

A 
gram positive rod (non motile), spore forming
⬇︎
requires little/no oxygen
⬇︎
toxin producing
85
Q

Clostridium tetani flow chart

A

gram positive rods, obligate anaerobe
⬇︎
two endotoxins produced– enter CNS=damage

DTap, Tdap vaccines

86
Q

what is the primary dye for the endospore stain?

A

Malachite Green

87
Q

Describe H2S test

A

Hydrogen sulfide binds to iron salt in the medium
+ = black color (from iron sulfide)
- = any other color

88
Q

Describe urea test

A

bacteria convert urea-> ammonia
yellow media to start

No color change= Negative
pink=positive

89
Q

describe the shape: Coccus

A

round

90
Q

describe the shape: bacillus

A

rod

91
Q

describe the shape: Spirillum

A

spiral rods

92
Q

describe the shape: Spirochete

A

tight spiral rods

93
Q

diplo-

A

two

94
Q

strepto-

A

chains

95
Q

staphylo-

A

clumps

96
Q

Explain cell wall of gram negative

A

well wall w/ 2 membranes and a THIN layer of peptidoglycan.

lose crystal violet when retaining counterstain Safranin

97
Q

Explain cell wall of gram positive

A

cell wall with 1 membrane and a THICK layer of peptidoglycan.
(retain crystal violet-iodine complex)

98
Q

Bile solubility test

A

differentiate Streptococcus pneumoniae (+, soluble) from alpha hemolytic streptococci (-, insoluble)

Microbiology (3 decks)

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