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Microbiology > Modules 12-14 > Flashcards

Modules 12-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS vs PNS structures

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: nerves out toward body

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2
Q

3 functions of NS

A

sensory, integrative, and motor

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3
Q

3 meninges (outer>inner)

A 
- Dura mater
dural space
-Arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
-Pia mater
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4
Q

Which space in the meninges is filled with CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

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5
Q

fn of CSF

A
  • provide nutrition

- liquid cushion

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6
Q

Defenses of the nervous system (3)

A
  • bony casings (protect brain and spinal cord)
  • cushion CSF/meninges
  • BBB (selective permeability of vessels)
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7
Q

BBB drawback

A

difficult to administer drugs (ie ABX) if there is an infection.

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8
Q

Immunologically privileged def

A

structure can mount only a partial immune response (have a decreased innate immunity, can tolerate partial invasion and not elicit inflammation/response.

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9
Q

Which cells in the CNS have phagocytic capabilities?

A

microglia

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10
Q

general communication flow between neurons

A

neurotransmitter across synapse>dendrites>integration at soma>axon (schwann cells and myelin help speed up) >axon terminals

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11
Q

Normal biota of the nervous sytem

A

currently thought to be sterile- lack normal biota

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12
Q

Symptoms of meningitis

A
  • photophobia
  • headhache
  • painful/stiff neck
  • fever
  • incr WBC in CSF
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13
Q

Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis aka

A

meningococcus

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14
Q

which organism cause most serious form of acute meningitis

A

bacteria

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15
Q

Describe meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis

A

-gram neg diplococci (round cells in pairs)
-accounts for 25% of cases
-most serious form of acute meningitis (rapidly fatal, epidemics)
-enters via respiratory
-capsule, endotoxin
-cytokine activity>vessel damage>Petechiae
-vaccines(3)
TX: Penicillin G

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16
Q

what are Petechiae?

A

red/purple lesions, from damage to blood vessels and hemorrhage as a result of cytokine activity in meningitis

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17
Q

Describe meming by Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

-gram pos, flat coccus
- aka pneumococcus
-most freq community-acqu infection
-most strains ABx resistant
-polysac capsule-avoid phagoc
-produce alpha-hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide=> CNS damage
-2 vaccines
TX: vancomyciin-ceftriaxone

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18
Q

Mening by H influenzae

A
  • gram neg, coccobacillus
  • aka Hib (vaccine available)
  • less common since vaccine- most cases now caused by nonserotype B strains
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19
Q

Mening by Listeria monocytogenes

A

-gram pos, coccobacilli/long filament
-non-fastidious (salty, pH extreme, cold)
-assoc w unpausterized foods
-causes Listerosis> septicemia in elderly, immunocomp, and fetus
-can cross placenta=spont abortion
Prev: pausterization
TX: abx
Diag: ELISA

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20
Q

which kind of meningitis is sometimes classified as meningoencephalitis?

A

meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans

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21
Q

Describe meningitis by Cryptococcus neoformans

A
  • aka cryptococcosis
  • fungus (sphere.ovoid), buds and large capsule
  • gradual onset, highest rates in AIDS pts
  • TX: antifungals
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22
Q

Describe meningitis by Coccidoiodes species

A

-aka Valley Fever (assoc with farming/mining)
-fungus @25 C= moist white/brown colony (arthrospores)
-fungus at 37-40 C= parasitic phase- Spherule
-arthrospores in env>inhaled>temp=spherules
TX: antifungals

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23
Q

Describe viral meningitis

A

-mostly caused by enteroviruses
-mainly in children
-milder than bacterial/fungal (resolves in ~2 wks)
-Common cause: Herpes simplex virus HSV-2 (concur genital infection)
TX: supportive, or specific antivirals

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24
Q

describe neonatal/infantile meningitis

A

common causes:
-E. coli K1 strain (birth canal), most in preemies=> brain damage
-Strep agalactiae (group B strep)
in utero,most freq in female urogen tract
-Cronobacter sakazakii-in dry environments. baby formula

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25
Q

Meningoencephalitis

A

caused by two amoebas

  • Naegleria fowlery
  • Acanthamoeba
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26
Q

Acute encephalitis causes in midwest

A

-West Nile virus (birds/mosquito)
- La Crosse Virus (squirrels/mosquito)
-Jamestown Canyon Virus (deer/mosquito)
-Powassan Virus (beaver/mosquito)
-Easter equine encephalitis virus (birds//horses/mosquito)
Herpes Simplex Virus

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27
Q

Describe Botulism

A

-intoxication by an exotoxin (produced by clostridium botulinum)
-3 forms: food-borne, infant, wound botulism
Toxin in bloodstream>neuromuscular junctions> prevents acetylcholine release= flaccid paralysis
-exotoxin can be used cosmetically (migraines, muscle spasms)

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28
Q

Viral meningitis vs viral encephalitis

A
  • encephalitis brain only
  • encephalitis can often go undiagnosed
  • viral meningitis less life threatening
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29
Q

Polio vaccine list

A

IPV (inactivated) - Salk 1954

OPV (oral)- Sabin 1960

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30
Q

Polio targeted for eradication because

A
  • affects children
  • Polio prev known as Infantile paralysis
  • worldwide devastating effects of especially paralytic polio
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31
Q

How does rabies infect humans?

A

-bite of a wild/stray animal (which is infected)
-also donated organs/tissues
-virus in wound>travels to brain, multiplies>to sites heart, eyes>disorientation/seizures/coma.cardiac arrest>death
glycoprotein envelope make it esp viral

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32
Q

what is one effective preventative measure against rabies?

A

Vaccinating domestic animals, animal handlers and travelers

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33
Q

Describe African Sleeping Sickness

A
  • cause by Trypanosoma brucei (hemoflagellate, trans Tsetse fly)
  • beh changes, fever, fatigue, slurred speech, local paralysis
  • Death from coma, secondary infections, heart damage
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34
Q

Describe Toxoplasmosis

subacute encephalitis

A
  • usually asymptpmatic
  • 33% mother->fetus transm
  • congenital - severe defects (stillbirth, hydrocephalus, liver failure)
  • In FELINES
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35
Q

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis PAM

A
  • caused by Naegleria fowleri (amoeba) enters subarach space
  • resistant to temp extremes, mild chlorination
  • associated with swimming pools
  • rapid mass destruction
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36
Q

Main layers of the skin (outer>inner)

A
  1. epidermis
    • stratum corneum
    • stratum basale
  2. dermis
  3. subcutaneous layer
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37
Q

Anatomical features within the skin

A
  • sebaceous gland
  • sweat gland duct
  • sensory nerve fibers
  • apocrine sweat glands
  • arrector pilli muscle
  • arteries and veins
  • hair follicles, and shafts
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38
Q

List the defenses of the skin

A
  • antrimicrobial peptides: disrupt bacterial membranes
  • sebum: low pH, antimicrobial, prov nutrients
  • sweat: low pH, inhibit microbe
  • lysozyme
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39
Q

Fn stratum corneum

A

-keratin- protect against abrasion/damage and water repellent property

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40
Q

Fn stratum basale (basal layer)

A

the origin of cells that go to epidermis (rapidly produce so they can be shed)

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41
Q

Fn dermis

A

-hold all connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, sweat glands
nutrient
Damage to it- severe bleeding

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42
Q

Fn subcutaneous layer

A

mainly composed of adipose connective tissue

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43
Q

Normal biota of skin

A
  • usually inhospitable (dry, salty)
  • microbes that can survive in this- most common in moist areas, skin folds, follicles and ducts
  • help keep other microbes from taking over
  • Staph epidermidis, Propionibacterium, Staph aureus
44
Q

What percent of the population carries Staph aureus as normal biota?

A

4%

45
Q

list the vesicular/pustular rash diseases

A
  • chickenpox, shingles
  • smallpox
  • hand, foot, and mouth disease
46
Q

MRSA- causative agents

A 
Staphylococcus aureus (community-acqu)
-raised, red, skin lesions, pus, common with shaving injury
-multiple ABX resistant
(hospital acqu: systemic infection)
Hygiene, ABX
47
Q

Impetigo- info, agents

A

Staph. aureus, Strep pyogenes
-red sores, peeling/flaky skin
-most common in children
Hygiene, ABX

48
Q

Cellulitis- info, agents

A

Staph aureus, Strep pyogenes, MRSA, bacteria/fungi
-painful, tender, swollen, red lines, often in lower leg
-often complication post surgery
ABX

49
Q

what is SSSS?

A

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

50
Q

SSSS info, agents

A 
Staph aureus
-systemic form of impetigo
-often in newborns and babies
-toxins A and B= bullous lesions
-wrinkled tissue paper skin, peeling
ABX
51
Q

Gas gangrene info, agents

A

aka: Clostridial myonecrosis
Clostridium perfringens and other bacteria
- edospores need anaerobic conditions-> endotoxin
2 forms: 1)anaerobic cellulitis (localized)
2) true myonecrosis (spread to healthy tissue)
SX removal, ABX

52
Q

Chickenpox info, agent

A

Varicella-Zoster Virus (Human herpes Virus 3)
-mild, 2-3wks, superficial lesions
live attenuated vaccine
latent virus- reactivation=> SHINGLES (asymetrical lesions in trunk/head, attenuated vaccine also)

53
Q

Smallpox info, agent

A 
Variola virus 
  variola major: more severe, toxemia, highly virulent
  variola minor: less dense rash
-Bioterror Catego A (natural elim 1977)
-deep lesions, scar tissue
*live virus vaccine*
54
Q

Hand, foot, mouth disease

A

Enteroviruses (Coxsackie)
-common in children, babies
-red, painful spots in mouth, palms, soles, buttocks, genitals, knee/elbow
hand hygiene

55
Q

List the maculopapular rash diseases

A
  • Measles (Rubeola)
  • Rubella
  • Fifth disease
  • Roseola
56
Q

Measles info, agent

A

aka Rubeola

  • Measles virus
  • red spots- head-> body
  • live attenuated Measles vaccine since 1963 (part of MMR)*
  • sequelae: laryngitis, broncopneumonia, secondary infections
57
Q

Rubella info, agent

A 
Rubella virus
-mild red rash, 3 days
-Congenital Rubella-serious=> 1st trimester infectin,miscarriage, birth defects
*Live attenuated vaccine (MMR)*
vaccinate before conception
58
Q

Describe congenital rubella

A
  • infection in womb 1st trimester can
  • induce miscarriage, birth defects
  • vaccinate before conception
59
Q

Fifth disease info, agent

A 
Parvovirus B19 (human)
-face rash, 'slapped face'- spreads to limbs/trunk persists for weeks
60
Q

Roseola info, agent

A

Human Herpes Virus 6

  • fever ~3 days, can lead to seizures, some get rash
  • common in babies
  • 100% US pop infected by adulthood
61
Q

Warts info, agents

A 
Human papilloma viruses
-in everyone almost
-seed warts: raised, rough growth- almost anywhere, fingers common
-plantar warts deep, painful
-flat wart: smooth, trunk/face/elbow
TX: cryosurgery
62
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

Molluscum contagiosum m viruses

  • smooth, waxy nodules, milky fluid
  • on face, limbs, trunk, genitals
63
Q

List the large pustular skin legions

A
  • Leishmaniasis

- Cutaneous Anthrax

64
Q

Leishmaniasis info, agent

A

Leishmania parasites (trans by female sand flies)
-large lesions
2 forms: Cutaneous: localized infection-> capillaries
Mucocutaneous: skin and mucous membranes

65
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax info, agent

A

Bacillus anthracis

  • eschars (dark, scabs) as endospores enter and germinate in skin
  • 20% mortality if untreated
66
Q

List the mycoses

A
  • Ringworm (cutaneous mycoses)

- Tinea Vesicolor (superficial mycoses)

67
Q

Ringworm (cutaneous mycoses)

A 
Dermatophytes: 39 species of 
-trychophyton
-Microsporum
-Epidermophyton
"tinea \_\_\_" capitis, barbae, corporis, cruris, pedis, ungulum
includes psoriasis
68
Q

tinea capitis in the

A

scalp

69
Q

tinea barbae in the

A

beard

70
Q

tinea corporis in the

A

smooth, bare skin all over

71
Q

tinea cruris in the

A

“jock itch” groin, perineal, scrotum

72
Q

tinea pedis in the

A

foot (athlete’s foot)

73
Q

tinea ungulum in the

A

nails

74
Q

Which of the skin conditions have vaccines available?

A
  • Chickenpox (live attenuated)
  • Shingles (live attenuated)
  • Smallpox (live virus)
  • Measles (live attenuated MMR)
  • Rubella (live attenuated MMR)

-cutaneous anthrax (not widely used)

75
Q

Mycoses definition

A

infection by fungus: athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)

all the tineas

76
Q

MRSA currently- updates

A

-decline in hospital associated, but decline recently slowed
-increasing incidence in community
hygiene
tailored interventions: decolonization (reducing asymptomatic carriage)

77
Q

fn of the conjuctiva

A

-thin membrane-like tissue that covers the eye and eyelid

secretes oil/mucus for lubrication

78
Q

fn cornea

A

5-6 layers of epithelial cells, protect ‘windshield’

79
Q

fn tears

A

oil, mucous, fluid- flushing lubrication

80
Q

Are the eyes immunologically privileged?

A

Yes, reduced innate immunity to protect the vision

-anterior chamber is mostly cut off from blood supply, less active lymphocytes

81
Q

list the normal defenses of the eye

A
  • tears
  • sclera
  • conjunctiva
  • cornea
  • immune privilege (dec blood supply and lymphocyte activity)
82
Q

Normal biota of the eye

A
  • sparse, diverse
  • Corynebacterium dominate
  • diphtheroids, staphylococci, micrococcus, streptococci, yeasts, neisserias
83
Q

Conjunctivitis info, agent

A
  • Bacterial: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staph aureus, Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Moraxella
  • Viral: adenoviruses
  • neonatal: chlamydia t., N. gonorrhoeae
  • milky discharge in bacterials, clear exudate in viral
  • redness, swelling, photophobia
84
Q

Ocular Trachoma info, agent

A

Chlamydia trahcomatis

  • chronic epithelial cell infections, inflamm, scarring
  • most common cause of blindness worldwide
  • most prevalent in children 3-5y.o.
85
Q

Keratitis info, agent

A

Herpes simplex, Acanthamoeba keratitis (tap/fresh water), other organisms if trauma to eye

  • can lead to complete corneal destruction
  • amoeba- water- common in contacts users
86
Q

River blindness info, agent

A

Onchocerca volvulus (transm by black flies_, Wolbachia bacteria

  • chronic paratisic infection, worms often visible in eye
  • endemic to Africa, central and south america
87
Q

Differential diagnosis difference between neonatal conjunctivitis, non-neonatal conjunctivitis

A

Neonatal conjucntivitis is transmitted vertically, during birth, serious eye damage, also herpes simplex can cause neonatal
-neonatal treatment is started even if only suspected of infection

88
Q

which test can help us differentiate between staph aureus and strep pyogenes?

A

Catalase test
Staphs: catalase +
Streps: catalase -

89
Q

Upper digestive tract organs

A
  • mouth
  • salivary glands
  • tonsils
  • glands, adenoids,
  • esophagus
  • stomach
90
Q

lower digestive tract organs

A
  • small intestine
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • large intestine
  • rectum/anus
91
Q

Normal biota of the GI tract

A

many species
~600 species in mouth (strep, lactobacillis..)
~200 esophagus and stomach (strep, staph,clostrid, bacilli)
~10X11 in large intestine (strep, peptostrep, entero, eschiria, lactobacilli)

92
Q

Accessory organs of the GI tract

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
93
Q

Normal defenses of GI tract

A 
Upper: lysozyme, tonsils/adenoids
Lower:
-immune cells (GALT gut assoc-lymphoid tissue, peyer patches in SI)
-secretory IgA, rich biota
-bile
94
Q

Dental caries info, agent

A

Strep mutans, Strep sobrinus

  • most common infectious disease in humans
  • metabolic activity of bacteria=dissolution tooth suface (enamel disruption)
  • rates variable upon: region, carb consumption, genetics…
95
Q

Periodontitis info, agents

A

Microbial community composition (biofilms)
Stage 1: Gingivitis: inflammation, inc bleeding, pockets, bone disruption
Stage2: Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis: ‘trench mouth’, ulcers, severe pain, bleeding, necrosis.

96
Q

Mumps info, agents

A

Mump virus genus Paramyxovirus

  • salivary gland inflammation (big, on cheek and neck)
  • can invade testes, ovaries, heart, meninges (in some cases can cause sterility)
  • MMR vaccine*
97
Q

Gastritis info, agent

A

Helicobacter pylori (entrenches, produces urease=breakdown epithelial tissue)

  • sharp burning abdominal pain
  • gastric/peptic ulcers: lesions in mucosa (stomach/SI)
  • affects half the world
98
Q

Acute diarrhea info, agents

A

several causes: Salmonella, E. coli most common

  • contaminated food transmission
  • 3+ loose stools in 24hr
  • H,O,K antigens to ID gram neg components
99
Q

what do the H,K,O antigens help detect?

A

H: flagella
K: capsule
O: cell wall

100
Q

Acute diarrhea defined as

A

3+ loose stools in a 24 hr period

101
Q

Salmonella diarrhea info

A

salmonella large genus of bacteria

  • they ferment Glu, produce hydrogen sulfide
  • resistant to bile and other chemicals
  • cause enteric fever, septicemia, Typhoid fever
102
Q

Shigella diarrhea info

A

gram neg rod (non-spore)
Shigella sonnei, S. flexemi
-shigella dysenteria:most severe (blood in stool)
-Shiga toxin (endotoxin) > disrupts protein synthesis> fever, villi damage, bleeding

103
Q

E. coli diarrhea info

A
  • contaminated food,water
  • some produce shiga toxin (STEC): hemolytic uremic syndrome
  • non toxin: five categories
104
Q

Campylobacter diarrhea info

A
  • gram neg
  • one of most common bacterial causes
  • fever, vomitting, diarrhea, ~2 weeks
  • burrow in the mucus
105
Q

C. diff diarrhea

A
  • gram pos, endospore forming
  • pseudomembranous colitis
  • broad spectrum ABX
  • enterotoxins A & B=necrosis on intestinal wall

Microbiology (3 decks)

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