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AP Psychology > Modules 9, 10, 14 & 15 Quiz > Flashcards

Modules 9, 10, 14 & 15 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

adoptive studies

A

assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents

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2
Q

family studies

A

Scientific studies in which researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble each other on a specific trait

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3
Q

oxytocin

A

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

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4
Q

leptin

A

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

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5
Q

ghrelin

A

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

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6
Q

adrenaline

A

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

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7
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

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8
Q

pituitary gland

A

The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

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9
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action

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10
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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10
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

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11
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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11
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action

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12
Q

reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

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13
Q

substance p

A

a neurotransmitter involved in pain perception and immune response

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14
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal

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14
Q

endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure

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14
Q

GABA

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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15
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that inhibit the next neuron from firing

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16
Q

Dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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16
Q

glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

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16
Q

serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.

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17
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that excite the next neuron into firing

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18
Q

resting potential

A

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

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18
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

20
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

21
Q

refractory period

A

in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state

21
Q

depolarization

A

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

22
Q

all-or-none response

A

a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.

23
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

24
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

25
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

26
Q

dendrites

A

a neuron’s often bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

26
Q

axon

A

the segmented neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

27
Q

cell body (soma)

A

part of the neuron that contains the nucleus/ the cell’s life-support center

28
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

28
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

29
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

30
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

31
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

32
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

33
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

33
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord; that communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

34
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

34
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

34
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

35
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

36
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

37
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

38
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

39
Q

interaction

A

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

40
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

fraternal (dizygotic) twins individuals who developed from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment

41
Q

genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism

42
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins

A

individuals who developed from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organismsprenatal environment

42
Q

environment

A

environment every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

42
Q

heredity

A

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

42
Q

mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

43
Q

genes

A

the biochemical units of heredity

43
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

44
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

45
Q

natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

45
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

nature-nurture issue the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

46
Q

Charles Darwin

A

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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