Module 5.5

Question 1

meta-analysis

Answer 1

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Question 2

evidence-based practice

Answer 2

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and client characteristics and preferences

Question 3

cultural humility

Answer 3

a process of reflection and lifelong inquiry, involves self-awareness of personal and cultural biases as well as awareness and sensitivity to significant cultural issues of others

Question 4

therapeutic alliance

Answer 4

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

Question 5

psychotropic medication therapy

Answer 5

Psychotropic medication therapy is a psychological treatment that involves using medications to alter a person’s mental and psychological functions, such as their mood, perception, and behavior. When combined with psychotherapy, psychotropic drugs can be effective in treating a wide range of conditions, including:
Anxiety, Bipolar disorder, Depression, Schizophrenia, Borderline personality disorder (BPD), Sleep disorders, Pain, and Psychosis

Question 6

ethical principles from APA in clinical/ therapeutic situations

Answer 6

according to the APA your therapist should follow these principles:
beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 7

nonmaleficence

Answer 7

the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient; one of the ethical principles required by the APA for therapists

Question 8

fidelity

Answer 8

establish a feeling of trust and a defined role as your therapist, uphold a professional standard of conduct, and be of service to the therapeutic community; one of the ethical principles required by the APA for therapists

Question 9

integrity

Answer 9

be honest, truthful, and accurate; one of the ethical principles required by the APA for therapists

Question 10

respect for people’s rights and dignity

Answer 10

respect the dignity and worth of you and others, recognizing the right to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination; one of the ethical principles required by the APA for therapists

Question 11

free association

Answer 11

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 12

dream interpretation

Answer 12

the technique in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis that is used to analyze a client’s dream to reveal subliminal motivations, unconscious conflicts, or hidden meanings within the dreams.

Question 13

unconscious mind

Answer 13

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware of

Question 14

cognitive therapies

Answer 14

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Question 15

cognitive triad

Answer 15

Beck also developed the notion of the cognitive triad to describe how depressed adults tend to think about the world. The triad refers to thoughts about self, world, and future. In all the three instances, depressed individuals tend to have negative views

Question 16

principles of conditioning

Answer 16

Acquisition: The fundamental process in classical conditioning, where a stimulus and response are associated through repeated exposure
Extinction: When a conditioned response disappears, either suddenly or gradually, due to the omission of reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery: When a conditioned response that has gone extinct suddenly reappears
Stimulus generalization: When a subject responds to similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus discrimination: When a subject can distinguish between different stimuli and only responds to certain ones

Question 17

exposure therapies

Answer 17

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

Question 18

systematic desensitization

Answer 18

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias

Question 19

aversion therapies

Answer 19

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior

Question 20

token economies

Answer 20

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

Question 21

biofeedback

Answer 21

uses principals of conditioning to help clients regulate body systems (such as the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) that contribute to feelings of anxiety or depression

Question 22

cognitive behavioral therapies

Answer 22

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Question 23

dialectical behavior therapy

Answer 23

a type of psychotherapy that helps people learn skills to manage intense emotions, cope with challenges, and improve relationships. DBT is based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical philosophy, which involves balancing acceptance and change-oriented strategies. The goal of DBT is to help people understand and accept their feelings, learn to change their lives, and build lives they feel are worth living

Question 24

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Answer 24

a confrontational cognitive therapy , developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Question 25

humanistic perspective (therapy)

Answer 25

commonly referred to as person-centered therapy, employs active listening and unconditional positive regard

Question 26

person-centered therapy

Answer 26

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

Question 27

active listening

Answer 27

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification; a feature of client-centered therapy

Question 28

unconditional positive regard

Answer 28

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Question 29

hypnosis

Answer 29

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur; in a therapeutic context, the hypnotist attempts to use suggestions to reduce unpleasant physical sensations

Question 30

psychoactive medications

Answer 30

antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications, interact with specific neurotransmitters in the central nervous system to address possible biochemical causes of mental disorders; can have side effects like tardive dyskinesia

Question 31

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 31

a chronic movement disorder that causes involuntary, repetitive, and uncontrollable muscle movements in the face, body, or both related to the regulatiaon of dopamine in the nervous system

Question 32

psychosurgery

Answer 32

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Question 33

leison

Answer 33

tissue destruction. Brain lesions may occur naturally (from disease or trauma), during surgery, or experimentally (using electrodes to destroy brain cells)

Question 34

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

Answer 34

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Question 35

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 35

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person

Question 36

lobotomy

Answer 36

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain