Module 5.4 Flashcards
Selection of Categories of Psychological Disorders
neurodevelopmental disorders
central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)
ADHD
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
ASD
autism spectrum disorder; a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
Causes of neurodevelopmental disorders
environmental causes such as maternal use of alcohol tobacco, or illicit drugs during pregnancy, low socioeconomic status, or nutritional deficiencies
physiological causes such as metabolic diseases or immune disorders
genetic causes such as mutations in genes that code for proteins that contribute to synapse formation and function
Schizophrenic spectrum disorder
a group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression); includes schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder
delusion
a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders; positive symptom
hallucinations
false perceptions that may involve one or more of the senses; positive symptom
disorganized thinking or speech
positive symptom of selected schizophrenic spectrum disorders; may manifest as speaking in ways such as speaking in a word salad (stringing together words in nonsensical ways)
disorganized motor behavior
one of the issues that characterizes schizophrenic spectrum disorders; many manifest as catatonia
catatonia
also known as disordered movement, may be experiences as excitement (a positive symptom manifestation) or stupor (a negative symptom manifestation)
excitement
form of catatonia that usually involves behavior changes, such as pacing, agitation, aggression and violent behavior without any situations causing the behavior change.
stupor
form of catatonia in which the person can’t move, speak, or respond to stimuli
negative symptoms
decrease or absence of normal behaviors for example an absence of emotion in voice, expressionless face or mute and rigid bodies
causes of schizophrenia
brain abnormalities
depressive disorders
a group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function
major depressive disorders
a disorder in which a peson experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
persistent depressive disorders
a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least 2 years
causes of depressive disorders
Research suggests that genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors play a role in depression. Risk factors for depression can include: personal or family history of depression or major negative life changes, trauma, or stress
bipolar disorders
a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common
depression
also known as major depressive disorder or clinical depression, is a common and serious mood disorder that can affect anyone. It’s characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities for long periods of time. These feelings can interfere with daily life, including relationships, work, and school
bipolar I disorder
the most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer
bipolar II disorder
a less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania
anxiety disorders
a group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and relatead maladaptive behaviors
specific phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack
social anxiety disorder
intense fear and avoidance of social situations
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
taijin kyofusho
is a type of social anxiety that’s specific to Japanese culture. It’s characterized by an intense fear that one’s physical characteristics or behaviors may offend, embarrass, or displease others in social situations
possible causes of anxiety disorder
The causes of anxiety disorders are likely a combination of factors, including genetic, environmental, psychological, and developmental factors. Some general risk factors include:
Stressful or traumatic experiences, health conditions, personality, genetics, and substance misuse
OCD
obsessive compulsive disorder; a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
obsessions
unwanted repetitive thoughts
compulsions
unwanted repetitive actions
hoarding disorder
a persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value
causes of OCD
exact causes are unknown but may include genetics, brain abnormalities, environment, or personality traits
dissociative disorders
a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior
dissociative amnesia
a disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people with dissociative amnesia may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history
DID
dissociative identify disorder; a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities
causes of DID
caused by chronic childhood trauma. This trauma can include: physical or sexual abuse; emotional abuse or neglect; unpredictable or frightening family environments; important early losses, such as the death of a parent; serious medical illnesses
trauma and stressor related disorder
a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress
symptoms of trauma and stressor related disorders
recurring vivid, distressing memories and nightmares; also often entails laser-focused attention on possible threats, hostility, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and trouble sleeping
PTSD
posttraumatic stress disorder; a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-relatead stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
causes of trauma and stressor related disorders
the experience or trauma or stress
feeding and eating disorders
a group of disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accopmpanied by excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
causes of feeding and eating disorders
A mix of genetics, environment, and social factors play a role in the development of eating disorders
personality disorders
a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment
Cluster A
one cluster of personality disorders; people appear eccentric or odd, as in the suspiciousness of paranoid personality disorder; the social detachment of schizoid personality disorder; or the magical thinking of schizotypal personality disorder
Cluster B
one cluster of personality disorders; people appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic, as in the unstable, attention-getting borderline personality disorder; the self-focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality disorder; the excessively emotional histrionic personality disorder; and the callous, and often dangerous, antisocial personality disorder
Cluster C
one cluster of personality disorders; people appear anxious or fearful, as in the fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder; the clinging behavior of dependent personality disorder; and the preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control that characterized obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
causes of personality disorders
caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors.
Some research suggests that genetics may make it more likely that someone will develop a personality disorder. For example, twin studies suggest that genetics may account for about half of the risk of developing borderline personality disorder.
Early environmental influences
These can include traumatic experiences, abuse, neglect, or other distressing childhood experiences.
