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Anatomy And physiology 1 > Modules 4-6 > Flashcards

Modules 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major types of tissue in the body?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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2
Q

Names 3 places where epithelial tissue can be found

A 
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
Oral cavity
Epidermis
Digestive tract
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3
Q

What are 4 important functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection
Sensory functions
Secretions
Absorption

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4
Q

What are the 4 classifications of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous- thin and flat
Cuboidal- cube shaped
Coumnar- more tall than wide
Pseudostratified- varying forms

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5
Q

Explain the difference between simple, stratified, and pseudostratified epithelial tissues

A

Simple- only 1 cell later thick and all cells contact the basement membrane
Stratified- two or more layers and only basal cells meet the basement membeane
Pseudostratified- cells are varying heights

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6
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Protein fibers
Ground substance

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7
Q

what are the 6 functions of connective tissue?

A 
Protection
Structural support
Connection and binding
Storage
Transportation 
Immune function
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8
Q

What are the 3 main classifications of connective tissues?

A

Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue in the body?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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10
Q

Explain sleletal muscle tissue

A

Made up of long cylindrical cells that are mutiple nuclei. They are unbranched and are attached to bones.

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11
Q

Explain cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac muscle also has striations but are often branched.cells are conected by intercalated discs that help them work well as a unit. Found in the walls of the heart.

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12
Q

Explain Smooth muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle tissue is made of short tapered cells that are under involuntary control and appear in the walls of hollow organs.

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13
Q

List the layers of the epidermis

A 
Top
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Bottom
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14
Q

How many bones are in an adult skeleton?

A

206

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15
Q

What are the five categories of bones?

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
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16
Q

Long Bones

A

Attachment sites for muscles that move the body

Ex. Humerus, Femur

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17
Q

Short Bones

A

Small and boxy
They can glide over one another allowing flexible motion

Ex. Wrist (carpal bones) , Ankles

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18
Q

Flat Bones

A

Protect organs and attachment sites for muscles

Ex. Cranium, Ribs

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19
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae protect the spinal cord

Ex. Vertebrae

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20
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Develop inside tendons

Ex. Patella (protects the knee)

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21
Q

Explain the benefits of the 4 pithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous- Rapid Transport
Cuboidal- Secretion/ Absorption
Columnar- Protection plus secretion and absorption
Transitional- allows for stretch

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22
Q

What are the 5 major types of conective tissue?

A 
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
23
Q

Explain the 3 types of protein fibres found in connective tissues.

A

Collagen fibres
Strong, flexible, found in bones, cartilage, and ligaments
Elastic fibres
Branching network, strong, found in skin, blood, and lungs
Reticular fibres
Thin and branching, framework for soft organs, found in spleen, and lymph nodes

24
Q

What are the two suffixs used for connective tissues?

A

Blast- a young cell that is forming

Cyte- mature cell that maintains the health of the matrix

25
Q

What are the two types of membranes in the body?

A 
Epithelial membranes
-mucous
-serous
-cutaneous
Synovial membranes
26
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue cells?

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

27
Q

What are the 6 important functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Provides structural support
Protects organs
Assists movement
Stores and releases salt and calcium
Blood cell production
Stores triglycerides
28
Q

List the parts of the bone

A

Diaphysis (bone shaft)
Epiphyses (rounded ends)
Metaphyses (between diaphysis and epiphyses)
Articular Cartilage (covering epiphyses)
Periosteum (tissue surrounding diaphysis)
Medullary cavity (hollow space in diaphysis)
Endosteum (membrane lining medullary cavity)

29
Q

What is the bone matrix composed of?

A

15-20% Water
25-30% Collagen (flexibility)
50-55% Minerals (hardness)

30
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact bone
Provides support, forms external layers of bones
Spongy bone
Protects the red marrow, internal structure

31
Q

Explain the composition of compact bone

A

Few spaces
Arranged in units called osteons
Osteocytes exchange nutrients with canal vessels

32
Q

Explain the composition of spongy bone

A

Lots of space, filled with red marrow
Trabecular structure
No osteons
Osteocytes exchange nutrients with vessels in the membrane covering the trabeculae

33
Q

What is the name of the artery/ vein entry point in the bone

A

Foramen

34
Q

Explain Ossification

A

The process of bone formation beginning at 8 weeks gestation
Takes place in two forms
Intramembranous and Endochondral

35
Q

Explain intramembranous bone formation

A

Occurs in the skull and clavicles. Collagen membrane is replaced by bone as osteoblasts lay down bone.
The soft spots are called fontanels

36
Q

Explain Endochondral bone formation

A

Occurs in most of the bones and the body. Cartilage templates are replaced with bone

37
Q

How do bones get thicker as you grow?

A

Periosteal osteoblasts add new bone on the outer surface at the same time as endosteal osteoclasts destroy the bone lining the medullary cavity

38
Q

Explain bone hormones during growth

A

During infancy
Pituitary gland produces GH to stimulate growth and thyroid hormones modulate GH activity

During puberty
GH decline and sex hormones begin to stimulate born formation. Bone formation catches up to the cartilage to close the growth plates

39
Q

Explain bone remodeling

A

Every week the body recycles 5-7% of its bone mass. Osteoclasts carve out tunnels in old bone called resorption. Osteoblasts move in and rebuild the bone in a process called deposition

40
Q

What is the purpose of bone remodeling?

A

Mantain normal blood calcium levels
Response to stress
Renews bone before deterioration
Heals injured bone

41
Q

What are the bones role in Calcium Homeostasis?

A

The bones store 99% of the body’s calcium, and closely regulate it because its needed for nerve impulses, transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.

Parathyroid hormone is released when calcium levels drop, calcitonin is released when calcium levels increase

42
Q

How quickly does bone loss occur in old people?

A

Females
Bone loss starts between 30-45 years old and they lose 8% every 10 years

Males
Bone loss begins at 60 years old and they lose 3% every 10 years

43
Q

Name the 4 properties of muscle?

A

Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

44
Q

What is a motor unit and a motor neuron?

A

Motor unit
A motor neuron and the muscle cells it stimulates
Motor neuron
Carries the electrical signal from the brain to the muscles

45
Q

What is the Neuromuscular junction?

A

The point of contact between the motor beuron and muscle cell

46
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

The neurotransmitter that carries the message from the beuron to the muscle cell

47
Q

What are the Origin and Insertion

A

Origin
The attachment to the stationary bone
Insertion
The attachment to the moveable bone

48
Q

Explain the difference between Isotonic and Isometric contractions

A

Isotonic- constant tension while muscle length changes
-concentric (shortening)
-eccentric (lengthening)
Isometric- muscle contracts but does not change length

49
Q

How is skeletal muscle formed? Explain its composition.

A

Myoblasts fuse together to create skeletal muscle cells.
Myofibrils occupy 80% of a muscle cell and they contain myofilaments.
The sarcomere is a part of the myofibril between the 2 z discs.

50
Q

What is a Triad?

A

1 Tubule plus 2 terminal cisterns
T tuble is an infolding of the sarcolema (cell membrane) that conducts the electrical impulse from the cell surface to the terminal cistern of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Impulses cause Ca to snter the sarcoplasm

51
Q

What are the three jobs of muscle proteins?

A

Contractile- generate tension
Regulartory- help switch processes on and off
Structural- contribute to stability and elasticity

52
Q

Explain the purposes of Myosin, Actin, Tropomyocin, and titin

A

Myosin- link thick and thin muscle filaments together
Actin- bean shaped proteins that bind with myocin and for a helix
Tropomyosin- cover the myosin binding site when the muscle is relaxed
Titin- anchors the thick filament to the z disc and m line

53
Q

Explain ATP’s effect on Myosin

A

ATP activates the myosin head so it can attach to actin and swivel to pull the actin toward the m line
The myosin head will not detach until it gets another ATP signal

54
Q

What are the four factors that influence muscle tension?

A

Degree of muscle stretch
Frequency of stimulation
How large the motor units are
How many motor units are activated at all times

Anatomy And physiology 1 (5 decks)

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