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Anatomy And physiology 1 > Modules 1-3 > Flashcards

Modules 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in Interphase?

A

DNA is copied

Centrosomes replicate

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2
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense

Mitotic spindle forms

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3
Q

What happens in Prometaphase?

A

Nuclear envelope fragments

Microtubules attach to the Kinetochore

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4
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle to create the metaphase plate

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5
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Chromatids separate and pull apart

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6
Q

What happens in Telophase and Cytokinesis?

A

Two new daughter Nuclei form

Cell elongation creates a cleavage furrow

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7
Q

What does IPPMATC stand for

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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8
Q

Why do we use Anatomical terms?

A

To precisely describe the location of features on our body

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9
Q

What does the anatomical position look like?

A

Standing upright
Arms at sides
Palms forward
Feet together

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10
Q

Where are left and right on the anatomical position

A

Left and right are defined by the person, not the observer

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11
Q

What do anterior and posterior mean? What’s another word for each?

A 
Anterior = Front of the body, ventral
Posterior = back of the body, dorsal
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12
Q

What does superior and Inferior mean?

A 
Superior = above or towards the head
Inferior = below or towards the feet
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13
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the study of structure

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14
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Physiology is the study of how body structures function

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15
Q

What are the 6 levels if structural organization?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal
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16
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is a condition of equalibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment

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17
Q

Explain the cycle of homeostasis control

A

Stimulus- distrupst the controlled conditon
Controlled conditon- the body at homeostasis
Receptors- send signals to the contol center
Control center- recoeves the imput and outputs nerve impulses to effectors
Effectors- create a response to the stimulus
Response- brings the controlled conditon back to normal

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18
Q

What are the male and female body pass ratios?

A

Female
45% solids
55% fluids

Male
40% solids
60% fluids (2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular)

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19
Q

Explain Matter, mass, and weight

A

Matter is anything that hass mass and takes up space

Mass is the amount of matter a substance contains

Weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass

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20
Q

What are Atoms?

A

Atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics if an element
Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons but the number if neutrons can vary

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21
Q

Explain Isotopes

A

When an element has varying numbers of neutrons they’re called isotopes.
Most isotopes have a stable nuclear structure, an unstable isotope is called a radioisotope.
As the nucleus of a radioisotope decays it emits radiation and overtime will turn into a different element.

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22
Q

Explain Ions, Molecules and Compounds

A

Ion- an atom that has lost or gained an electron
Molecule- 2 or more atoms bonded tofether
Compound- 2 or more different atoms bonded together

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23
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

Transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

24
Q

What is a Covalent bond?

A

Atoms share valence electrons, the greater the number of shared elctrons the stronger the bond

25
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds formed in molecules due to the polarity of the hydrogen

26
Q

What are the 4 types of chemical reactions?

A 
Synthesis
A + B + Energy -> AB
Decomposition
AB  -> A + B + Energy
Exchange
AB + CD -> AD + BC
Reversible
AB  A + B
27
Q

Why is water the most important inorganic compound?

A

Excellent solvent for polar substances

Aids in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

28
Q

Explain the tendencies of acids, bases, and salts in water

A

Acid dissociates into H+ and anions
Base dissociates into OH- and cations
Salt dissociates into cations and anions (neither are H+ or OH-)

29
Q

Explain the pH scale

A 
Measures the acid/base concentration in a solution 
The more H+, the more acidic
The more OH-, the more basic
1-6 acidic
8-14 basic
30
Q

Which elements are always in organic compounds? Give some examples

A

All organic compounds contain Carbon and Hydrogen, and usually Oxygen

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc.

31
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Carbs are sugars that provide most of the energy needed for life
Contain C, H, and O

Ex. Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

32
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Lipids are non polar fats in our diets and our bodies
Composed of C, H, and O (sometimes P and N)

Ex. Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Cholesterol

33
Q

What makes steroids easily identifyable?

A

They contain 4 rings of Carbon atoms

34
Q

What is a Protein?

A

Proteins have complex functions and structures
Regulate processes, provide protection, assist in movement, transport substances
Always contain C, H, O, and N (some have S)

35
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A 
A bond between Carbon and Nitrogen that holds together an amino acid
Dipeptide- 2
Tripeptide- 3
Peptide- 4-9
Polypeptide- 10-50
Protein- >50 (some contain 10,000)
36
Q

What is an Enzyme?

A

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to increase the rate of chwmical reactions
Enzymes are named after their substrate and usually have the suffix -ase

37
Q

What is DNA?

A

Huge molecule containing C, H, O, N, and P
Composed of nucleotides (nitrogenous base, sugar, and P group)

Forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and regulates most of the cell’s activities

38
Q

What is RNA?

A

Huge molecule containing C, H, O, N, and P
Composed of nucleotides (nitrogenous base, sugar, and P group)

Guides protein synthesis

39
Q

Explain the differences between DNA and RNA

A 
DNA: 
A C G T
Deoxyribose
Doble stranded helix
Self replicating
RNA:
A C G U
Ribose
Single strand
Made by using DNA as a blueprint
40
Q

List the 3 main parts of the cell

A

Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

41
Q

Explain the cell membrane

A

Surrounds the cell
60% protein, 40% lipids
Fluid because most of the proteins and lipids move easily in the bilayer

42
Q

What are the two types of plasma membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins

Peripheral proteins

43
Q

Name the 6 types of proteins in the plasma membrane

A 
Ion Channel
Carrier
Receptor
Enzyme
Linker
Cell identity marker (glycoprotein)
44
Q

Name the 3 types of lipids in the cell membrane

A

Cholesterol- stabizes the membrane and reduces fluidity
Glycolipids- create a sugar coating in the cell helping the cells recognize each other
Phospholipids- act as a barrier to most water soluble substances

45
Q

What are the two processes by which substances pass through the cell membrane?

A 
Passive transport (no ATP)
Ex. Diffusion, osmosis
Active transport (requires ATP)
Ex.vesicular transport
46
Q

Explain diffusion

A

The tendency of particles to scatter evenly through an environment using only their kinetic energy
Particles move from high concentration to low concentration

47
Q

Whats the diffence between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion:
Transmembrane proteins help move particles that are too polar to move through the membrane
Simple diffusion:
Occurs when particles move down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane unassisted

48
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane sown its concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration

49
Q

What is Tonicity?

A

Tonicity is how a solution relates to the shape of cells
Isotonic- solutes cannot pass the cell membrane
Hypotonic- solution is less concentrated than the cytosol (cell expands “hemolysis”)
Hypertonic- solution is more concentrated than the cytosol (cell shrivles “crenation”)

50
Q

Explain Endocytosis and Exocytosis

A

Endocytosis: particles move into cells
Phagocytosis- cell eating
Pinocytosis- cell drinking

Exocytosis: particles move out of cells in vesicles

51
Q

What is the Nulceus genetic importance?

A

The nucleus contains the herditary units in our 46 chormosomes containing 25000 genes.
Chromasomes are tightly would strands of DNA only visible during replication

52
Q

Explain how DNA unwinds and is paired with RNA

A

Helicase catalyzes the unwinding of DNA so it can be paired with a complimetary nucleotide from the RNA catalyzed by DNA polymerase

53
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA? Explain their purposes.

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
-directs the synthesis of a protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-joins with proteins to make ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
-brings amino acids to the proteins to be incorporated
54
Q

Explain the 3 nucleotide sets making up the genetic code

A

The gene codes are necesary for making proteins

DNA- base triplet Ex. T-A-C
mRNA- codon Ex. A-U-G
tRNA- anticodon Ex. U-A-G

55
Q

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

A

Transcription involves making mRNA from a DNA template

Teanslation is making a new protein in the ribosome from the mRNA template

56
Q

Explain how translation in the ribosomes creates new proteins

A

The ribosome has 3 binding sites where mRNA binds with tRNA and amino acids into a new protein

Anatomy And physiology 1 (5 decks)

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