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Nutrition > Modules 3-4 > Flashcards

Modules 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of digestive tract wall

A

mucosa-submucosa-muscularis-serosa

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2
Q

salivary glands and what do they secrete

A

parotid, sub-mandibular, sublingual - secrete saliva: lingual lipase, salivary amylase and lysozyme

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3
Q

sphincters at top and bottom of stomach

A

lower esophageal, pyloric

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4
Q

gastric juice

A

HCl, pepsinogen, mucus(secreted by stomach crypts), gastric lipase

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5
Q

Small intestine parts

A

duodenum, Jejunum, ileum

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6
Q

cells on surface of villi

A

enterocytes

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7
Q

where is the absorptive site in small intestine

A

in submucosa of villi in absorptive vessel

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8
Q

how is water absorbed

A

osmosis into blood

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9
Q

how are lipids and fat soluble vitamins absorbed

A

passive diffusion into lacteal in small intestine villi move into lymphatic vessels which drain into blood

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10
Q

how is fructose absorbed

A

facilitated diffusion with protein transporter into capillaries

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11
Q

how are glucose and amino acids absorbed

A

absorbed against concentration gradient using active transport

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12
Q

what does the lacteal eventually drain into

A

thoracic duct

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13
Q

what enzymes do the microvilli store

A

lactase, sucrase, maltase

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14
Q

Parts of Large intestine

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

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15
Q

microbiome

A

large variety of non-human genetic material within body, the whole genome

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16
Q

microbiota

A

total composite of microorganisms found in body (mainly bacteria) in one area or whole body

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17
Q

pancreas endocrine function

A

insulin and glucagon

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18
Q

pancreas exocrine function

A

pancreatic juice

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19
Q

pancreatic juice contents

A

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic proteases, bicarbonate

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20
Q

probiotics

A

living organisms yogurt kombucha

21
Q

prebiotics

A

not living organisms act as food for microbiome and support its function

22
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease, can promote ulcers, weight loss can help, risk for leading to cancer is low

23
Q

gallstones

A

hardened bile deposits in gall bladder or bile duct, occurs because of too much cholesterol compared to bile salts in bile

24
Q

Diverticulitus

A

walls of digestive tract weaken and cause outpouchings on colon usually can lead to diverticulosis (bleeding of diverticula)

25
Q

anabolism

A

build up molecules , require net input of energy

26
Q

catabolism

A

break down molecules, lead to net release of energy

27
Q

ATP structure

A

3 phosphate groups attached to an adenosine base, high energy bonds between phosphates

28
Q

Main steps of glucose metabolism

A

glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

29
Q

glycolysis

A

6 carbon glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of 3 carbon pyruvate (+2 ATP), occurs in cytoplasm, can be anaerobic

30
Q

anaerobic breakdown of pyruvate

A

pyruvate is oxidized into lactate 1 ATP is gained

31
Q

aerobic metabolism of pyruvate

A

pyruvate and CoA form acetyl CoA , leads to loss of some e- captured by NADH+H+ and CO2 is released

32
Q

how is citrate formed

A

acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate

33
Q

citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA reactis with oxaloacetate to form citrate, citrate goes through reactions to form 8 different molecules some energy is captured in GTP, citric acid intermediates react to form next molecules in cycle e- are lost then captured by FADH+H+ and FADH2 which move to the membrane of mitochondia

34
Q

electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

A

NADH+H+ and FADH2 exchange electrons with membrane bound proteins in series of redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP using ATP synthase

35
Q

how does ATP synthase work

A

promotes the bonding of phosphate group onto ADP

36
Q

How much ATP is made in cellular respiration

A

30+

37
Q

how much ATP is made in the breakdown of pyruvate

A

1 but only when its anaerobic and producing lactate

38
Q

how much ATP is gained in glycolysis

A

2

39
Q

when is acetyl CoA formed

A

at the beginning of the citric acid cycle

40
Q

how is glycerol metabolized

A

can be converted to glucose then goes through all steps of cellular respiration

41
Q

where is most lipid energy coming from

A

fatty acids

42
Q

how are fatty acids metabolized

A

broken down 2 carbons at a time (beta-oxydation) to form acetyl CoA which combines with oxaloacetate form citrate to enter citric acid cycle

43
Q

how are amino acids metabolized

A

removal of nitrogen group (deamination) there are 21 different possible products, remaining chains can either be made into glucose, pyruvate or citric acid intermediates

44
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

c6+h12+06 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

45
Q

what is acetyl CoA made from

A

pyruvate and CoA make acetyl CoA

46
Q

how is citrate made

A

from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

47
Q

what does pyruvate turn into

A

Lactate or Acetyl CoA

48
Q

Electron transporters

A

NADH+H+ and FADH2

Nutrition (6 decks)

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