Modules 16-24 Flashcards
Pupil
A hole in the eye
Lense
Changes and bends light
Retina
Receptor cell
Fovea
Central points of focus
Optic nerve
Carries nerve signals to brain
Iris
A muscle that lets in light
Cornea
Protects the eye and bends light
Blind spot
Where the optic nerve begins to twist and creates a blank
Sensation
Sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimuli
Sensory receptors
Nerve endings that respond to stimuli
Perception
Organizing sensory information and giving it meaning
Bottom up processing
Starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher processing
Top down processing
Constructs perceptions based on previous experiences
Transduction
Converting one form of energy to another
Absolute threshold
The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time
Signal detection theory
When we detect a faint stimuli amid other stimulation
Difference threshold
The minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)
Weber’s law
To be perceived as different 2 stimuli must be differing at a constant minimum percent
Sensory adaption
Reminisced sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimuli
Schema
Forming concepts through experience
Psychophysics
The study of the relation between physical stimuli and psychology
Wave length
The distance between one wave peak to another
Amplitude
Waves height determined by its intensity
Rods
Secrecy black white and grey and are sensitive to movement
Cones
Concentrated at retina, used in daylight and detect color
Trichromatic theory
We have 3 color receptor cones
Parallel processing
Processing many stimuli at once
Gestalt
An organized whole
Figure
The main focus
Ground
The background or surrounding
Depth perception
The ability to see 2d objects in 3D
Binocular cues
A depth cue that uses both eyes
Monocular cues
Depth cues that use one eye
Retinal disparity
A cue for perceiving depth
Perceptual constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as light images change
Color constancy
Perception of persistent color
Size constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging in side despite their distance
Short wave length
High frequency and pitch
Long wavelength
Low frequency and pitch
Basilar membrane
A fluid pod with hairs
Middle ear
Contains the 3 bones the that vibrate in the cochlea
Cochlea
Coiled fluid filled tube
Inner ear
Contains cochlea semicircular canal and vestibule sac
Sensioneural hearing loss
Damage to the cochlea receptor cells and nerves
Conduction hearing loss
Damage to the mechanical systems of the ear
Nocicepters
Sensory receptors that detect pain, temperature, and pressure
Olfaction
Sense of smell
Vestibular sense
Sense of balance
Synthetesia
Combining 2 senses
Parapsychology
Paranormal phenomena
Learning
The process of acquiring through experience
associative learning
Learning by linking 2 or more events
Respondent behavior
Automatic response
Operant behavior
Operate on environment and produce a consequence
Cognitive learning
Acquisition of mental info by observing events or watching others
Classical conditioning
Learning by linking 2 or more stimuli
Neutral stimuli
A stimuli that elicits not response before conditioning
Unconditioned response
An unlearned natural response to unconditioned stimuli
Unconditioned stimulus
A condition that would not normally trigger an unconditioned response
Conditioned response
A learned response to previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Originally neutral stimulus that after association triggers a conditioned response
Acquisition
The initial stage when when one links a neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli and they become conditioned
law of effect
Favorable behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likey
Reinforcer
Anything that strengthens a behavior
Shaping
Using reinforcers to guide behavior
Positive reinforcer
presenting something after a response to strengthen a behavior
Negative reinforcer
increases behavior by stopping or reducing stimuli
continuous reinforcement
reinforcement for every desired response
fixed ratio schedule
enforcement to a response after a certain number of responses
variable ratio schedule
reinforcement to a response after an unpredictable number of responses
fixed variable ratio schedule
Reinforcing a response randomly
Variable Interval ratio schedule
reinforcing a response at a random time
Punishment
event that decreases the behavior that follows
Positive
adding any stimuli
negative
removing any stimuli
Observational learning
learning associations from experience or observation
cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of an enviorment
Latent Learning
learning that is not apparent until it is needed or rewarded
recall
retrieving information (fill in the blank)
Recognition
identifying information (multiple choice)
relearning
learning quicker after time (final exam)
encoding
getting information into the brain
storage
retaining the information
retrieval
Getting information back from long term
parallel processing
Processing many stimuli at once
Sensory memory
immediate brief recording of senses
short term memory
holds a few items for a brief amount of time
long term memory
limitless and permanent memory storage
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences we know
implicit memory
retention of memory without conscious attention
operant conditioning
behavior that operates on the environment producing reward or punishment
Operant conditioning formula
- identify the target behavior
- is that behavior increased, decreased, strengthened, or weakened
- Was something added or removed
semantic
explicit memory of facts
episodic
explicit memory of personal experience
memory consilidation
storage of a longterm memory
flashbulb memory
a very clear and emotional memory
long-term potentiation
an increased firing potential of a cell after repeated use
encoding types
- visual
- organizational
- meaning
anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
the inability to retrieve information from the past
retroactive interference
old info effecting the recall of new
proactive interference
new info effecting the recall of old
reconciliation
altering memories when we recall them
priming
connecting something in your memory and linking it to the enviorment
memory reconstruction
filtering and altering information to fill in missing gaps
source amnesia
when a memory of something is told to you by someone else you begin to believe it
