Modules 1 & 2: Physical & Cognitive Development

Question 1

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs–Describe what it is used for. Name and describe each level. Then give examples for each level.

Answer 1

Says that basic needs need to be met before anything else. Physiological: food, water, shelter, clothes. Safety: feel safe, physical, financial security, freedom from fear. Love/belonging: friends, family, relationships, a place where they know they belong. Esteem: self-respect and respect from others, achievement. Self-Actualization: personal growth, opportunities to become everything one is capable of becoming.

Question 2

Name the stages of physical development and the ages associated with each of them.

Answer 2

Infant: Birth-2 Years
Early Childhood: 2-6 Years
Middle Childhood: 6-10 Years
Adolescence: 10-18 Years

Question 3

Name the physical developmental expectations for the 4 stages of physical development

Answer 3

Infant: hold head up, feed selves with hands, crawl, walk/jump awkwardly
Early Childhood: run, walk, jump, dress selves, write their name, feed self with utensils, scribble, etc.
Middle Childhood: gain weight & height slowly, become more coordinated, can do crafts well, refine fine motor skills
Adolescence: Puberty! Hormones, mood changes, boys are taller and more muscular, etc.

Question 4

Explain Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Name the stages, the ages associated, and the expectations.

Answer 4

Sensorimotor: birth-2, sensory experiments, object permanence
Preoperational: 2-7, egotistical, struggle with law of conservationism
Concrete Operational: 7-11, very logical and concrete
Formal Operational: 12+, abstract thinking, theoretical, use deductive reasoning

Question 5

List and describe the factors that influence how children learn and grow according to Piaget

Answer 5

Schema
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibrium

Question 6

List the stages/important factors for Piaget’s theory

Answer 6

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation, Equilibrium

Question 7

Explain Vygotsky’s theory of _______

Answer 7

Cognitive development (filled in the blank)

ZPD, MKO, Scaffolding, Language, social speech, private speech, silent inner speech.

Question 7

Vygotsky VS. Piaget:
Sociocultural context
Constructivism
Stages
Role of Language

Answer 7

1. P: no emphasis (self-initiated discovery) ; V: strong emphasis
2. P: cognitive constructivism ; V: social. constructivism
3. P: strong emphasis on stages ; V: no stages
   4: P: minimal ; V: major role! Language shapes thought