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SPEX > module three > Flashcards

module three Flashcards

1
Q

what is an open kinetic chain movement

A

where the distal segment can moved freely ie bicep curl

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2
Q

what are some examples of cognative demands that all motor skills require?

A

planning, anticipating, scanning, timing and sequencing

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3
Q

what is a closed skill?

A

preformed in a predicatable environment, planned ahead and self paced
ie long jump, gym.

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4
Q

what is an open skill?

A

these are preformed in changing environments, continously have to be adapted to a changing environement. ie football, surfing, driving a car

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5
Q

what are some reasons why we classify different movement types?

A

coaching/ training
clinical reasons
skill aquisition
to study performance

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6
Q

what are in-phase movements compared to anti-phase movements?

A

in-phase is when bilateral muscles groups contract synchronously (ie diving into a pool, breast stroke) whereas anti-phase movements muscles contract in an alternating fashion (ie front crawl or gait cycle)

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7
Q

what is co activation and what is its purpose?

A

muscles around a joint contracting together, function is for stabilising and protective.

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8
Q

what is a closed kinetic chain movement

A

where the distal and the proximal ends are fixed, functional with increased muscle recruitment eg squat or pressup.

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9
Q

what is the speed accuracy tradeoff?

A

The faster you move, the less accurately you move

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10
Q

what is the cellular mechanism for how we produce more force?

A

in a sarcomere unit, the more actin and myosin that binds the more force is being produced.

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11
Q

what is a sticking point?

A

part of the length tension relationship
some muscles are too short and some are too long so we arent able to generate as much force. this

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12
Q

what is the mean optimal angle for elbow torque?

A

86degrees.

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13
Q

how does the cross section of a muscle impact on force production?

A

muscles with a greater cross section are able produce more force as they have more muscle fibres.

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14
Q

how does force production and velocity relate?

A

the greater the force production for the external load, the slower the velocity of the movement.

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15
Q

how is growth of muscle non uniformed?

A

the morphology of the muscle reflects its use by the range in which it is trained

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16
Q

what state are muscles in their strongest point

A

when they are in their isometric state, at a joint angle where the muscle is at resting length and the moment arm is optimal

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17
Q

by using a greater range of motion the more ______

A

muscles you will engage

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18
Q

what are two direct methods of measuring muscle force?

A

buckle transducter- metal buckle placed on muscle to measure contraction
fibre optic transducter

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19
Q

what are the 4 anatomical constraints on sarcomere activation?

A

muscle morphology
muscle length
moment arm of muscle
contraction velocity

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20
Q

what is power and what is its equation

A

work/ time
the rate at which work is done

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21
Q

how to train power and how do you measure it?

A

1) stimulate as many muscle fibres as possible
2) stimulating the nervous system by moving quickly
3)use functional exercises

all you need to measure power is
displacement
time
body mass

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22
Q

what determines aerobic power and threshold the most?

A

heart pumping capacity- cardiac output
oxygen content in blood
muscles- how many capillaries, mitochondria, glycogen , fibre composition etc

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23
Q

on a graph, how does cardiovascular variables increase?

A

mostly linearly
*except O2 levels in the blood are stable

24
Q

on a graph how do neuro- endocrine levels increase

A

non linear

25
Q

on a graph how do respiratory variables increase

A

non linear
*except gas levels in blood are stable

26
Q

what is ATP and the three forms of work that it drives?

A

ATP is the energy molecule used within the body to complete biological work, energy is stored in the high energy bonds in ATP.
drives, chemical, mechanical and transport work

27
Q

why do we store only small amounts of ATP

A

only store small amounts ATP is heavy to store in the muscle

28
Q

Why have three energy systems

A

because they can be used for different energy demands in different exercises (intensity and duration)
1) Phosphagen
2) Aneorobic glycolysis
3) Aerobic system

29
Q

Which energy system fuels the majority of a 10s sprint, what about a 2km rowing race?

A

10s sprint= phosphagen- ATP stores in muscles, ATP regenerated through the splitting of phosphocreatine
2km rowing race= aerobic

30
Q

what are the initial substrates and end products of each system?

A

phosphagen: ADP+Phosphocreatine->ATP+ Creatine
anearobic glycolysis: Glucose->2/3ATP + pyruvate acid

31
Q

when is fat usage increased in exercise? what about carbs?

A

Fat usage is increased when low intensity exercise is long in duration.
carbs are the major energy contributor with higher intensity exercise

32
Q

is lactate good or bad and what are some reasons.

A

it is good because it acts as a buffer for the acidity produced from the H+ ions released from the breakdown of ATP.
used as a valuable fuel
conversion of pyruvate to lactate allows the process of glycolysis to continue.

33
Q

what is your basal metabolic rate determind by?

A

60-80% of your energy use is just from staying alive= your basal metabolic rate
Your fat free mass

34
Q

what is the most accurate estimate of energy usage? what is the least?

A

oxygen consumption measurements.
physical activity is the least

35
Q

how efficent is the human body at converting food energy into mechanical power output, where does the other energy go?

A

0-22%
2/3 of our energy is lost through heat

36
Q

how much energy does one litre of oxygen return?

A

20kj of energy per 1L of oxygen.

37
Q

what is the equation for efficiency?

A

(work rate/ metabolic rate) x 100

38
Q

what two things does a treadmill need to know so it can count calories (your energy usage)?

A

body mass
energy efficiency

39
Q

how can we predict metabolic rate from our heart rate?

A

metabolic rate is linearly related to work rate
heart rate is linearly related to VO2 max (and therefore workrate)
can measure heartrate and determine metabolic rate from a graph

40
Q

how can we predict metabolic rate from work rate?

A

metabolic rate is linearly proportional to work rate
MR=(WRx5)+RMR

41
Q

how do smart apps calculate metabolic rate, and what is their % of validity?

A

3% typical error
they use complex algorithms which makes them hard to scrutinise

42
Q

how does movement capability change throughout our lifetime?

A

typically as we get older we become less mobile

43
Q

name some key factors that influence motor behaviour?

A

preparation
postural control
force and timing
Coordination and laterality

44
Q

what values do peoples reaction times tend to vary between?

A

100-250ms

45
Q

what are some important considerations when preparing any motor response?

A

sensory information
reaction time
arousal
attention

46
Q

what type of muscle fibres are predominant in a reaction respose?

A

type II fast twitch muscle fibres.

47
Q

what maintains our postural control?

A

central nervous system that uses multiple sensory inputs to monitor and coordinate position movements.

48
Q

what are anticipatory postural adjustments?

A

multiple muscle groups that are activated before movement to brace internal forces.

49
Q

why are humans able to throw so well relative to other animals?

A

because we are able to exploit our bilateral symmetry as we use our opposing limb to help ie controlling and optimising force application.

50
Q

what is a functional movement screening method for children?

A

movement ABC-2
20-30 mins, completing 30 items on a 6 point scale
3 sub- scales are
-balance (stork stand)
-ball skills (catching /throwing)
-manual dexterity (shifting pegs by row)

51
Q

what 2 examples of a functional movement test for older people?

A

timed up and go test
grip strength - upper extremity function

52
Q

what factors influence endurance?

A

max aerobic power
economy
exercise intensity

53
Q

what are three key performance factors in endurance fitness?

A

max aerobic power (V02 max)
max sustainable threshold
economy of movement (physiological and physical)

54
Q

what most determines aerobic threshold?

A

capability to deliver oxygen to muscles

55
Q

what most determines anaerobic threshold?

A

capability to use oxygen and energy in muscle

56
Q
A

SPEX (5 decks)

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