module four

Question 1

what are some reasons as to why we are less physically active?

Answer 1

urbanisation- invention of the chair
more motor vehicle use- less walking and biking
more desk jobs
our busier lives lead us to have a lesser understanding of the importance of physical activity

Question 1

what is sedentary behaviours?

Answer 1

behaviours categorised by energy expenditure less than 1.5METS, in a sitting , reclining or lying position

Question 2

what are some negative health effects from being sedentary?

Answer 2

decreased
-insulin sensitivity
-glucose tolerance
-bone mineral density
-muscle mass
-HDL (good cholestrol)

increased
-fasted insulin
-fasting glucose
-LDL (bad cholestrol)
-triglycerides (fat stores)

Question 3

how is physical inactivity going to impact the development of non-communicable diseases in the future?

Answer 3

an predicted extra 500 million non communicable diseases in the next 6 years that couldve been avoided from being physically active and diet choices.

Question 4

what are three principles for a dose response relationship for physical activity?

Answer 4

overload
progression
specificity
*there is a threshold range where there is a best balance of benefits and safety

Question 5

Global life expectancy has increased by more that _ years in the past 20 years
healthy life expectancy has increased by _ %
the increase of ____ has not kept pace with the increase of ___

Answer 5

6
8
healthy life expectancy
global life expectance

Question 6

what pecent of people over the age of 60 experience ageism?

Answer 6

75%

Question 7

what are the four stages of morbidity compression (prevention stages)?

Answer 7

1) primordial prevention-prevention of risk factors from developing
2)primary prevention- reduction of risk factor prevalence
3) secondary prevention-prevention of disease progression (early detection/treatment of hypertension)
4- tertirary prevention- reduction of the morbid states that have already occurred.

Question 8

what is a condition that can occur in aging muscle tissue and what impacts does it have?

Answer 8

sarcopenia
loss of skeletal muscle mass
fast type II muscle fibres become slow type I muscle fibres
lipids form within and between muscle fibres= no loss in body weight
reduced muscle mass, and therefore loss of muscle power which can limit mobility

Question 9

what is a condition that can occur with aging bone tissue and what impacts does it have?

Answer 9

osteoperosis
decreased bone density, this decreases its strength and increases its fragility. They become compressive, like a sponge
after your mid thirties you begin to slowly loose bone mass, women loose bone mass faster after menopause

inactivity is a secondary cause of osteoperiosis

strength training is able to reduce the rate of sarcopenia and osteoperosis

Question 10

what are four modifiable variables for exercise prescription

Answer 10

intensity (how hard)
frequency (how often)
type (movement classification)
time (how long)

Question 11

are cognative abilities hereditary?

Answer 11

yes however it doesnt mean that environment doesnt also play a part

Question 12

what are three key features that sustainable exercise should be?

Answer 12

fun
emotionally fufilling
something we choose to do

Question 13

is a physiological or an anatomical cross section of a muscle larger?

Answer 13

physiological because it cuts through perpindicular to the muscle fibres

Question 14

what gene has been nicknamed the speed gene?

Answer 14

ACTN3 gene- encodes sarcomeric protein that is used in type II muscle fibres

Question 15

what is the function of the ACE gene?

Answer 15

enzymatic activity in blood

Question 16

what physiological adaptions does gravity cause?

Answer 16

decreased blood volume
decreased orthostatic tolerance
decreased bone minerals
muscle atrophy (wasting)

Question 17

what physiological adaptions does exercise cause?

Answer 17

increased blood volume
increased mitochondria
increased bone minerals
muscle hypertrophy (growth)

Question 18

how are exercise and envrionment linked?

Answer 18

some environments make it harder for exercise, others make it easier
exercise is unmatched for a wide range of adaptions

Question 19

what is the most extreme envrionment for humanity and why?

Answer 19

the built envrionment we have created, it kills the most people
population risk and lacking physiological defenses
humans are becoming less able to tolerate extreme envrionments yet our presence on earth causes them

Question 20

what is hypoxia and where on earth demonstrates our limit to this factor?

Answer 20

hypoxia= lack of oxygen
mt everest is an example if where our limits lie of being able to deal with hypoxia
only 1/3 of the air at mt everest is oxygen

Question 21

what is the highest habitation of humans?

Answer 21

5100m

Question 22

humans have ______ to cold stress
tolerance may be determind by individual factors such as ___

Answer 22

minimal adaption
body size and composition

Question 23

what is biophilia?

Answer 23

that our emotional responses to nature are fundamentally genetic
contact with nature is fundamental to psychological wellbeing and personal fufilment

Question 24

with an increased level of green area around a persons living envrionment the odds ratio __ for the likelihood of them being physically active

Answer 24

increased
people more likely to be physically active when they live in greener areas

Question 25

more green space in a neighbourhood is associated with reduced…

Answer 25

cardiovascular health issues
obesity
hypertension

Question 26

what does Atua mean?

Answer 26

Māori environmental knowledge

Question 27

what does Atua Matua mean?

Answer 27

biodiversity index

Question 28

what are some examples of features of someones environment that determine the type of person they are

Answer 28

come from a river= fast paced person
mountain= more patient

Question 29

what are the 5 things that atua matua would look for to read the environmental signs

Answer 29

1) Ahua Oterangi- weather patterns
2) Manu- track birds to see what theyre doing as they respond to weather changes
3) Rakau- how to read trees
4) Te Aitanga O nga pepeke- insects, read them and track them to see what theyre doing
5) Ika- fish arriving at certain times we know that something has changed

Question 30

what is the word that describes activities to mobilise atua matua thinking?

Answer 30

Whakatinanatanga

Question 31

what is Tohutaka?

Answer 31

environmental signs as a decision making function

Question 32

The simple version of the Atua Matua framework has 5 pillars, the more complete, complex version that Ihirangi has written has how many levels?

Answer 32

23

Question 33

What does the term ‘matua’ mean from the Atua Matua framework

Answer 33

connection to envrionment

Question 34

what are the 5 pillars of the Atua Matua framework?

Answer 34

Maturanga maori- maori knowledge
whakapapa- tribal connection to envrionment
Huahuatau- environmental learning
Whakatinanatanga- interaction with environment
nga tohu- environmental signs