module four Flashcards
what are some reasons as to why we are less physically active?
urbanisation- invention of the chair
more motor vehicle use- less walking and biking
more desk jobs
our busier lives lead us to have a lesser understanding of the importance of physical activity
what is sedentary behaviours?
behaviours categorised by energy expenditure less than 1.5METS, in a sitting , reclining or lying position
what are some negative health effects from being sedentary?
decreased
-insulin sensitivity
-glucose tolerance
-bone mineral density
-muscle mass
-HDL (good cholestrol)
increased
-fasted insulin
-fasting glucose
-LDL (bad cholestrol)
-triglycerides (fat stores)
how is physical inactivity going to impact the development of non-communicable diseases in the future?
an predicted extra 500 million non communicable diseases in the next 6 years that couldve been avoided from being physically active and diet choices.
what are three principles for a dose response relationship for physical activity?
overload
progression
specificity
*there is a threshold range where there is a best balance of benefits and safety
Global life expectancy has increased by more that _ years in the past 20 years
healthy life expectancy has increased by _ %
the increase of ____ has not kept pace with the increase of ___
6
8
healthy life expectancy
global life expectance
what pecent of people over the age of 60 experience ageism?
75%
what are the four stages of morbidity compression (prevention stages)?
1) primordial prevention-prevention of risk factors from developing
2)primary prevention- reduction of risk factor prevalence
3) secondary prevention-prevention of disease progression (early detection/treatment of hypertension)
4- tertirary prevention- reduction of the morbid states that have already occurred.
what is a condition that can occur in aging muscle tissue and what impacts does it have?
sarcopenia
loss of skeletal muscle mass
fast type II muscle fibres become slow type I muscle fibres
lipids form within and between muscle fibres= no loss in body weight
reduced muscle mass, and therefore loss of muscle power which can limit mobility
what is a condition that can occur with aging bone tissue and what impacts does it have?
osteoperosis
decreased bone density, this decreases its strength and increases its fragility. They become compressive, like a sponge
after your mid thirties you begin to slowly loose bone mass, women loose bone mass faster after menopause
inactivity is a secondary cause of osteoperiosis
strength training is able to reduce the rate of sarcopenia and osteoperosis
what are four modifiable variables for exercise prescription
intensity (how hard)
frequency (how often)
type (movement classification)
time (how long)
are cognative abilities hereditary?
yes however it doesnt mean that environment doesnt also play a part
what are three key features that sustainable exercise should be?
fun
emotionally fufilling
something we choose to do
is a physiological or an anatomical cross section of a muscle larger?
physiological because it cuts through perpindicular to the muscle fibres
what gene has been nicknamed the speed gene?
ACTN3 gene- encodes sarcomeric protein that is used in type II muscle fibres
what is the function of the ACE gene?
enzymatic activity in blood
what physiological adaptions does gravity cause?
decreased blood volume
decreased orthostatic tolerance
decreased bone minerals
muscle atrophy (wasting)
what physiological adaptions does exercise cause?
increased blood volume
increased mitochondria
increased bone minerals
muscle hypertrophy (growth)
how are exercise and envrionment linked?
some environments make it harder for exercise, others make it easier
exercise is unmatched for a wide range of adaptions
what is the most extreme envrionment for humanity and why?
the built envrionment we have created, it kills the most people
population risk and lacking physiological defenses
humans are becoming less able to tolerate extreme envrionments yet our presence on earth causes them
what is hypoxia and where on earth demonstrates our limit to this factor?
hypoxia= lack of oxygen
mt everest is an example if where our limits lie of being able to deal with hypoxia
only 1/3 of the air at mt everest is oxygen
what is the highest habitation of humans?
5100m
humans have ______ to cold stress
tolerance may be determind by individual factors such as ___
minimal adaption
body size and composition
what is biophilia?
that our emotional responses to nature are fundamentally genetic
contact with nature is fundamental to psychological wellbeing and personal fufilment
with an increased level of green area around a persons living envrionment the odds ratio __ for the likelihood of them being physically active
increased
people more likely to be physically active when they live in greener areas
more green space in a neighbourhood is associated with reduced…
cardiovascular health issues
obesity
hypertension
what does Atua mean?
Māori environmental knowledge
what does Atua Matua mean?
biodiversity index
what are some examples of features of someones environment that determine the type of person they are
come from a river= fast paced person
mountain= more patient
what are the 5 things that atua matua would look for to read the environmental signs
1) Ahua Oterangi- weather patterns
2) Manu- track birds to see what theyre doing as they respond to weather changes
3) Rakau- how to read trees
4) Te Aitanga O nga pepeke- insects, read them and track them to see what theyre doing
5) Ika- fish arriving at certain times we know that something has changed
what is the word that describes activities to mobilise atua matua thinking?
Whakatinanatanga
what is Tohutaka?
environmental signs as a decision making function
The simple version of the Atua Matua framework has 5 pillars, the more complete, complex version that Ihirangi has written has how many levels?
23
What does the term ‘matua’ mean from the Atua Matua framework
connection to envrionment
what are the 5 pillars of the Atua Matua framework?
Maturanga maori- maori knowledge
whakapapa- tribal connection to envrionment
Huahuatau- environmental learning
Whakatinanatanga- interaction with environment
nga tohu- environmental signs
