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Human and Social Biology > Module: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Module: The Skeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the skeleton?

A

the framework for the body that consists of many individual bones and cartilages.

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2
Q

what are the three main types of skeletons?

A

exoskeleton
endoskeleton
hydrostatic skeleton

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3
Q

what is the exoskeleton?

A

suggests that the skeleton is found outside of the body

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4
Q

what is the endoskeleton?

A

suggests that the skeleton is found inside the body

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5
Q

what are hydrostatic skeletons?

A

they are skeletons that are formed by a fluid filled compartment within the body.

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6
Q

what are the 5 functions of endoskeletons?

A

support
protection
movement
production of body cells
attachment of muscles

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7
Q

what is cartilage?

A

a tough flexible tissue found throughout the body, that is composed of collagen and elastin within a gelatinous substance.

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8
Q

where is cartilage commonly found?

A

covering the surface of joints and in the nose, ears and lungs/trachea

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9
Q

what is a bone?

A

a type of connective tissue with cells embedded in a web of minerals and collagen fibres.

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10
Q

state the 2 ways bones can be made

A
  • spongy bones consists of struts of bone seperated by soft bone marrow
  • compact bone which is more solid, consisting of tightly packaged cylinders
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11
Q

name the three main parts of the bone

A

head
shaft
epiphysis

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12
Q

name 4 structures of the bone

A

spongy bone
cartilage
bone marrow
compact bone

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13
Q

state the three functions of the bone

A

protects
supports
attach muscles for movement

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14
Q

state the 3 sections of the axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebrae column
thoracic cage (rib cage)

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15
Q

what is the function of the cranium

A

used to protect the delicate tissues of the brain.

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16
Q

function of the vertebrael column

A

gives support to the body and provides attachment for the back muscles and protects the delicate tissues of the spinal cord.

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17
Q

state the number of vertebraes and the different sections of the vertebrael column

A

there are 33 vertebraes.
- 7 cervical (neck)
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 5 lumber vertebrae
- 5 sacral vertebrae
- 4 caudal vertebrae

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18
Q

function of the thoracic cage

A

protects the lungs, enabling breathing motion, and the heart

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19
Q

the three types of cartilage and where they’re found

A

hyaline - covers the long bone
elastic - found on the outer ear
fibrous - forms a disk shape between the vertebrae

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20
Q

what is the function of cartilage?

A

it absorbs shock and reduces friction

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21
Q

list the parts of the cervical vertebrae

A

body
transverse foramen
vertebral foramen
spinous process
lamina

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22
Q

what is the name of C1 and C2 Cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 - Atlas
C2 - Axis

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23
Q

what is the function of the cervical vertebrae?

A

it provides support for the weight of your head, surrounds and protects your spinal cord, and allows for a wide range of head motions

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24
Q

list the parts of the thoracic vertebrae

A

body
vertebral foramen
transverse process (on both sides)
lamina
spinous process

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25
Q

what is the function of the thoracic vertebrates?

A

they help to stabilize the rib cage

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26
Q

list the parts of the lumbar vertebrae

A

body
vertebral foramen
lamina
transverse process (on both sides)
articular process (on both sides)
spinous proces

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27
Q

what is the function of the vertebrae?

A

they provide stability for your back and spinal column, they allow for a point of attachment for many muscles and ligaments. it supports most of your body’s weight and is the center of the body’s balance.

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28
Q

what 3 things does the thoracic cage consist of?

A

ribs
costal cartilage
sternum

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29
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the apendicular skeleton?

A

upper limbs
lower limbs
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle

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30
Q

what is the pectoral girdle?

A

also known as the shoulder girdle and provides attachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

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31
Q

what are the clavicles?

A

s-shaped bones that position the arms on the body

32
Q

what is the scapula and its function?

A

the scapula is a flat, triangular bone that is located at the back of the pectoral girdle. they support the muscles crossing the shoulder joint.

33
Q

what are the 3 regions of the upper limbs?

A

the arm (shoulder to elbow)
the forearm (ulna and radius)
the wrist and hand

34
Q

state and explain the 3 sections of bones in the hand

A

8 carpals form the wrist
5 metacarpals are found in the palm
14 phalangial bones altogether make up the fingers (3 in each finger except the thumb which has 2)

35
Q

what are the 3 main sections of the pelvic girdle?

A

hip bones
sacrum
coccyx

36
Q

what is the function of the pelvic girdle?

A

attaches to the lower limbs of the axial skeleton, bears the weight of the body, and is for locomotion.

37
Q

list the 3 sections of the lower limbs

A

the thigh
the leg
the foot

38
Q

list all the bones of the lower limbs

A

femur
tibia
fibula
(7) tarsals
(5) metatarsals
(14) phalanges

39
Q

name the 5 things in the body that allow it to move

A

muscles
tendons
joints
ligaments
bones

40
Q

what are ligaments?

A

they are rigid tissues that stabalize/hold the bones together to prevent them from moving too far out of place

41
Q

what are joints?

A

each point where bones meet

42
Q

state the two types of joints

A

movable
immovable

43
Q

what are immovable joints and where in the body are they commonly found?

A

immovable joints are those that are restricted by movement. there are the flat bones that form the skull and they are also found in the pelvic bone

44
Q

what is the term that refers to where the flat bones that form the skull come together known as?

A

suture

45
Q

what are partially movable joints?

A

they are joints that have limited movement, but movement is enabled by soft fibrous tissues present in the cartilage disc.

46
Q

what is the other name for movable joints?

A

synovial joints

47
Q

why are moveable joints considered as synovial?

A

because where the joints meet there is a fluid membrane formed containing synovial fluid.

48
Q

what is the function of the synovial fluid?

A

it lubricates the joints to prevent the bones rubbing against each other.

49
Q

state the 7 parts of the body where moveable joints are present

A

elbow
shoulder
ankle
knees
fingers
neck
wrist

50
Q

name the 4 synovial joints

A

hinge
gliding
ball and socket
pivot

51
Q

what the function of a hinge joint?

A

it enables upwards and downwards movement along one plane.

52
Q

state the 2 parts of the body that have a hinge joint

A

elbow
knee

53
Q

what is the ball and socket joint, and state its function?

A

it is a 360 plane that allows bones that form this joint, and have a rounded head, to sit in a sunken cavity to enable rotation.

54
Q

state the 2 parts of the body that have a ball and socket joint

A

hip
shoulders

55
Q

what is the cavity of the scapula called?

A

acetabulum

56
Q

what are the pivot joints and their functions?

A

these are joints that are found in the neck and enable the rotation from one part of the body to rotate on another.

57
Q

explain how the joints pivot in the neck

A

the atlas and axis (cervical) vertebraes in the neck enable the nodding and shaking motion of the head. the muscles of the neck provide the effort to move the load off the head.

58
Q

what are gliding joints and where they found?

A

these joints enable movement in the hand and feet. they are found in your wrists, palm of hand, ankles and the soles of your feet.

59
Q

explain how gliding joints work

A

the carpals & metacarpals, and the tarsals & metatarsals glide across/slide over each other to allow movement

60
Q

what are tendons?

A

they are thick rigid connective tissues that connect the bones and muscles

61
Q

what are the 2 categories of muscles?

A

voluntary and involuntary

62
Q

state the three types of muscles

A

voluntary - skeletal
involuntary - smoth and cardiac

63
Q

what are voluntary muscles and give an example of where they’re found

A

muscles that are consciously controlled by you. they don’t automatically function like involuntary muscles.
for example the muscles found at the back of your eyes that allow you to roll/move them.

64
Q

what are involuntary muscles and where are they found?

A

these are muscles that don’t move based on YOUR consciousness.
the cardiac muscles are found in your heart and allows it to beat automatically.
smooth muscles can be found in your gut and stomach to allow the automatic movement of the food to move along your digestive system. it also found in your eyes to allow the movement of your irises.

65
Q

what is the origin?

A

where the tendon attaches to an immovable bone

66
Q

what is the incertion?

A

where the tendon attaches to a moveable bone

67
Q

state the two types of muscles in the upper limbs and their position

A

biceps - to the front
triceps - to the back

68
Q

explain what happens when biceps contract and what happens triceps contract.

A
  • when the biceps contract, it pulls the radius and ulna upwards towards the scapula.
    when the triceps contract, it pulls the radius and ulna downwards-to straighten the arm.
69
Q

what kind of movement do the biceps and triceps have?

A

they have an antagonistic movement - work against each other - because when one contracts, the other relaxes.

70
Q

what are flexers and extensors?

A
  • flexers are muscles that bend the joints - bringing them together. [biceps]
  • extensors are muscles that straghten joints. [triceps]
71
Q

what is locomotion?

A

the total change in position of a living organism

72
Q

list the 9 reasons why locomotion is important

A
  • to keep the blood circulating in the body
  • to get from one place to the next
  • so the bones don’t seize
  • exercise
  • reproduction
  • for work
  • to find food
  • to escape (from danger)
  • to prevent your muscles from decreasing
73
Q

list 5 reasons why exercise is important for the skeletal system

A
  • your joints are improved (it increases the amount of synovial fluid at each joint)
  • improves posture
  • improves stamina
  • keeps the muscles active for any movement to take place
  • improves the strength of your ligaments
74
Q

list the 4 factors that affect the skeletal system

A
  • poor posture
  • uncomfortable footwear
  • obesity
  • unbalanced diet
75
Q

how does poor posture affect the skeletal system? [2 ways]

A
  • strains muscles because they are working overtime to keep the body straight, which results in back pain and fatigue
  • decreases your height
76
Q

how does uncomfortable footwear affect the skeletal system? [2 ways]

A
  • wearing high heels causes the pressure and weight to shift from the balls of the feet, which results in painful ankles and arches which can change the curviture of the spine
  • wearing closely fitted/pointed narrow shoes leads to the formation of corn, bunions, hammer toe or ingrown toenails
77
Q

how does obesity affect the skeletal system?

A

being overweight strains the skeleton, causing the cartilage to wear down - increasing the friction between the bones which leads to arthritis.

Human and Social Biology (9 decks)

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