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Human and Social Biology > Module: Coordination and Control > Flashcards

Module: Coordination and Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

this system gives quick responses to stimuli

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2
Q

what do neurons do?

A

transmit electrical impulses

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3
Q

what are nerves?

A

a bundle of axon fibres

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4
Q

name the two categories of nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System

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5
Q

list the 2 parts of the CNS

A

brain
spinal chord

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6
Q

list the two parts of the PNS

A

spinal nerves
cranial nerves

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7
Q

what is the function of the spinal nerves?

A

the spinal nerves are those that are connected to your effectors (motor neurones) at the lower limbs to respond to stimuli

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8
Q

what is the function of the Cranial Nerves?

A

they are your receptors (sensory neurons) that detect stimuli

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9
Q

list the 3 membranes of the Brain

A

meninges
grey matter
white matter

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10
Q

explain what is the grey matter of the brian

A

it contains the cell bodies and dendrons of the neurons and the synapses that connect them

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11
Q

explain what is the white matter of the brain

A

it contains the nerve/axon fibers of neurons that send impulses in and out of the brain

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12
Q

list the three main parts of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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13
Q

what does the forebrain entail?

A

the forebrain is basically the top part of the brain that consists of the cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus

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14
Q

what is are the 7 functions of the cerebrum?

A

the cerebrum controls:
your thoughts
voluntary movements
reasoning ability
speech intelligence
personality
problem solving
planning

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15
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

it is a relay station that detects body sense (except smell) and sends that information to the cerebrum

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16
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the hypothalamus?

A

it regulates body temperature, appetite, thirst, and emotions
it controls the release of hormone from the pituitary glands

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17
Q

what is the function of the pituitary glands?

A

it secretes a variety of hormones

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18
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of?

A

cerebellum
medulla oblongata

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19
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

it controls and coordinates muscular activity

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20
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

it controls involuntary actions such as:
heart rate
breathing rate
peristalsis

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21
Q

what are the two categories of the PNS?

A

autonomic
somatic

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22
Q

what is autonomic? - function(s) and examples(3)

A

it coordinates involuntary movements
- beating of the heart
- pupil dilation
- release of sugar from the liver

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23
Q

what is the function of the somatic system?

A

it coordinates voluntary movement and consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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24
Q

what is the function of the PNS?

A

it sends signals from the CNS around the body and back

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25
Q

what are the two main functions of the CNS?

A
  • it controls reflexes.
  • recieves and sends responses all around the body.
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26
Q

list the 5 parts of the motor neurone

A

dendrites
cell body
axon
node of ranvier
myelin sheath

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27
Q

list the 6 parts of the sensory neuron

A

dendrite
axon
myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
cell body
synaptic knobs

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28
Q

what is the function of the dendrites? (part of the motor neuron)

A

picks up signals from their environment or other neurons

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29
Q

what is the function of the axon?

A

it carries impulses (in the form of chemical to each cell) to the axial terminal

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30
Q

what cells make the myelin sheath, and how?

A

shwann cells
they wrap the axon, similarly to an insulator on an eletrical board

31
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

it creates nodes that insulate and speed up electrical impulses- this is known as saltatory conduction

32
Q

what is the function of the motor neurons?

A

they facilitate movement in the body after receiving information from the sensory neurons

33
Q

what is the function of the sensory neuron?

A

it detectts stimuli from your sense organs

34
Q

what is the function of the relay neurons?

A

they act as a gap between the sensory and motor neuron

35
Q

explain the movement of impulses along the nerves

A

receptor (sensory organs) > nerve cells (sends impulses) > coordinator (brain) > response (body part)

36
Q

what is funcion of the synapse/synaptic cleft?

A

the synapse carries electrical impulses to the next neuron’s dendrites.

37
Q

explain how the synapse helps in relaying impulses to neurons

A
  • the electrical impulses arrive at the axial terminal
  • neurotransmitters (chemicals) are attached to a receptor to take those electrical impulses across the synapse to the next neuron
  • the remaining chemical is removed by enzymes from the second neurone
38
Q

what is action potential?

A

it is a way of positive charge inside the axon when the neuron is stimulated

39
Q

what is an effector organ? give (2) examples.

A

the part of the organism that responds to stimuli
- muscles
- glands

40
Q

what is a receptor organ? give an example.

A

the part of the organism that detects the stimuli
- sensory organs

41
Q

what are the 4 things the nervous system requires in order to work?

A

stimuli
receptors
nerve cells
effectors

42
Q

three main parts of the spinal chord

A

dorsal root
ventral root
dorsal glangeon

43
Q

what is the dorsal root?

A

branches to the back of the spinal chord

44
Q

what is the ventral root?

A

branches to the front of the spinal chord

45
Q

what is the dorsal glangeon?

A

where the synapse takes place

46
Q

where are the sensory neurones found?

A

dorsal root

47
Q

where are the motor neurones found?

A

ventral root

48
Q

the three main parts of the spinal chord

A

dorsal root
ventral root
dorsal glangeon

49
Q

what is the dorsal root

A

branches to the back of the spinal chord

50
Q

what is the ventral root

A

branches to the front of the spinal chord

51
Q

what is the dorsal glangeon?

A

where the synapse takes place

52
Q

where are the sensory neurones found?

A

in the dorsal root

53
Q

where are the motor neurons found?

A

in the ventral root

54
Q

explain how the body normally reacts to stimuli

A
  • sense receptors detect stimuli and relay that information to the sensory neurons
  • that information is then sent through the dorsal root (with the help of the sensory neurons) and sends it to the center of the spinal chord. the spinal chord sends the information to the brain for it to make a response.
  • the brain sends that response to the motor neurons so that they can send it to the effector muscles for them to carry out that response.
55
Q

the two categories of the peripheral nervous system

A
  • somatic Nervous system
  • Autonomic Nervous system
56
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

refers to one carrying out an action under conscious control

57
Q

what is the Autonomic Nervous system?

A

Responsible for the regulation of involuntary actions such as your heart rate, breathing rate, digestion, and pupil dilation

58
Q

what 2 ways do voluntary actions occur?

A
  • spontaneously
  • coordinated
59
Q

What is a coordinated response?

A

requires an incoming message from a sensory organ i.e. a detected stimuli and an initiated action or response.

60
Q

What is a spontaneous voluntary action?.

A

Requires no incoming stimuli or message for the message for the action to be carried out

61
Q

how is a spontaneous voluntary action carried out?

A

information is sent from the cerebrum to the relay neurons then to the motor neurons, then to the effectors that bring about/carry out the change / action

62
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

a pathway where the spinal and cranial reflexes occur

63
Q

list the 3 characteristics of voluntary actions

A
  • learned over time
  • Slow to act
  • complex (because it takes a lot of thought)
64
Q

what is the pathway of the reflex arc

A

Receptors → sensory neurons → Relay Neurons → motor Neurons → Effector muscles → Brain

65
Q

what is a reflex

A

an involuntary and instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus

66
Q

list the 3 categories/types of reflexes

A
  1. cranial reflexes
  2. spinal reflexes
  3. coordinated/conditioned reflexes
67
Q

What are cranial reflexes?

A

the involuntary action (not a conscious thought) which responds to a stimulation of the peripheral nerve

68
Q

list 4 examples of cranial reflexes

A

-sneezing
-blushing
-Blinking
- pupil dilation

69
Q

what is a spinal reflex?

A

simple behaviors produced by the CNS pathways that lie entirely within the spinal chord

70
Q

list 2 examples of spinal reflexes

A
  • withdraw reflex
  • knee-jerk reflex
71
Q

what is a coordinated /conditioned reflex

A

contains 2 stimuli that stimulate one response. Eventually, this response is studied and understood, and occurs instantly

72
Q

list the 3 characteristics of coordinated reflexes

A
  • not learnt
  • rapid
  • simple -not complicated
73
Q

what are transdeucers?

A

receptors that are able to change stimuli into electrical impulses within the nerve.

74
Q

list the 5 sense organs and their receptors

A
  1. eyes - rods and cones [photo receptors]
  2. ski

Human and Social Biology (9 decks)

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