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Human and Social Biology > Module: Coordination and Control > Flashcards

Module: Coordination and Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

this system gives quick responses to stimuli

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2
Q

what do neurons do?

A

transmit electrical impulses

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3
Q

what are nerves?

A

a bundle of axon fibres

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4
Q

name the two categories of nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System

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5
Q

list the 2 parts of the CNS

A

brain
spinal chord

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6
Q

list the two parts of the PNS

A

spinal nerves
cranial nerves

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7
Q

what is the function of the spinal nerves?

A

the spinal nerves are those that are connected to your effectors (motor neurones) at the lower limbs to respond to stimuli

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8
Q

what is the function of the Cranial Nerves?

A

they are your receptors (sensory neurons) that detect stimuli

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9
Q

list the 3 membranes of the Brain

A

meninges
grey matter
white matter

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10
Q

explain what is the grey matter of the brian

A

it contains the cell bodies and dendrons of the neurons and the synapses that connect them

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11
Q

explain what is the white matter of the brain

A

it contains the nerve/axon fibers of neurons that send impulses in and out of the brain

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12
Q

list the three main parts of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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13
Q

what does the forebrain entail?

A

the forebrain is basically the top part of the brain that consists of the cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus

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14
Q

what is are the 7 functions of the cerebrum?

A

the cerebrum controls:
your thoughts
voluntary movements
reasoning ability
speech intelligence
personality
problem solving
planning

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15
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

it is a relay station that detects body sense (except smell) and sends that information to the cerebrum

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16
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the hypothalamus?

A

it regulates body temperature, appetite, thirst, and emotions
it controls the release of hormone from the pituitary glands

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17
Q

what is the function of the pituitary glands?

A

it secretes a variety of hormones

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18
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of?

A

cerebellum
medulla oblongata

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19
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

it controls and coordinates muscular activity

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20
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

it controls involuntary actions such as:
heart rate
breathing rate
peristalsis

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21
Q

what are the two categories of the PNS?

A

autonomic
somatic

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22
Q

what is autonomic? - function(s) and examples(3)

A

it coordinates involuntary movements
- beating of the heart
- pupil dilation
- release of sugar from the liver

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23
Q

what is the function of the somatic system?

A

it coordinates voluntary movement and consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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24
Q

what is the function of the PNS?

A

it sends signals from the CNS around the body and back

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25
what are the two main functions of the CNS?
- it controls reflexes. - recieves and sends responses all around the body.
26
list the 5 parts of the motor neurone
dendrites cell body axon node of ranvier myelin sheath
27
list the 6 parts of the sensory neuron
dendrite axon myelin sheath nodes of ranvier cell body synaptic knobs
28
what is the function of the dendrites? (part of the motor neuron)
picks up signals from their environment or other neurons
29
what is the function of the axon?
it carries impulses (in the form of chemical to each cell) to the axial terminal
30
what cells make the myelin sheath, and how?
shwann cells they wrap the axon, similarly to an insulator on an eletrical board
31
what is the function of the myelin sheath?
it creates nodes that insulate and speed up electrical impulses- this is known as saltatory conduction
32
what is the function of the motor neurons?
they facilitate movement in the body after receiving information from the sensory neurons
33
what is the function of the sensory neuron?
it detectts stimuli from your sense organs
34
what is the function of the relay neurons?
they act as a gap between the sensory and motor neuron
35
explain the movement of impulses along the nerves
receptor (sensory organs) > nerve cells (sends impulses) > coordinator (brain) > response (body part)
36
what is funcion of the synapse/synaptic cleft?
the synapse carries electrical impulses to the next neuron's dendrites.
37
explain how the synapse helps in relaying impulses to neurons
- the electrical impulses arrive at the axial terminal - neurotransmitters (chemicals) are attached to a receptor to take those electrical impulses across the synapse to the next neuron - the remaining chemical is removed by enzymes from the second neurone
38
what is action potential?
it is a way of positive charge inside the axon when the neuron is stimulated
39
what is an effector organ? give (2) examples.
the part of the organism that responds to stimuli - muscles - glands
40
what is a receptor organ? give an example.
the part of the organism that detects the stimuli - sensory organs
41
what are the 4 things the nervous system requires in order to work?
stimuli receptors nerve cells effectors
42
three main parts of the spinal chord
dorsal root ventral root dorsal glangeon
43
what is the dorsal root?
branches to the back of the spinal chord
44
what is the ventral root?
branches to the front of the spinal chord
45
what is the dorsal glangeon?
where the synapse takes place
46
where are the sensory neurones found?
dorsal root
47
where are the motor neurones found?
ventral root
48
the three main parts of the spinal chord
dorsal root ventral root dorsal glangeon
49
what is the dorsal root
branches to the back of the spinal chord
50
what is the ventral root
branches to the front of the spinal chord
51
what is the dorsal glangeon?
where the synapse takes place
52
where are the sensory neurones found?
in the dorsal root
53
where are the motor neurons found?
in the ventral root
54
explain how the body normally reacts to stimuli
- sense receptors detect stimuli and relay that information to the sensory neurons - that information is then sent through the dorsal root (with the help of the sensory neurons) and sends it to the center of the spinal chord. the spinal chord sends the information to the brain for it to make a response. - the brain sends that response to the motor neurons so that they can send it to the effector muscles for them to carry out that response.
55
the two categories of the peripheral nervous system
- somatic Nervous system - Autonomic Nervous system
56
what is the somatic nervous system?
refers to one carrying out an action under conscious control
57
what is the Autonomic Nervous system?
Responsible for the regulation of involuntary actions such as your heart rate, breathing rate, digestion, and pupil dilation
58
what 2 ways do voluntary actions occur?
- spontaneously - coordinated
59
What is a coordinated response?
requires an incoming message from a sensory organ i.e. a detected stimuli and an initiated action or response.
60
What is a spontaneous voluntary action?.
Requires no incoming stimuli or message for the message for the action to be carried out
61
how is a spontaneous voluntary action carried out?
information is sent from the cerebrum to the relay neurons then to the motor neurons, then to the effectors that bring about/carry out the change / action
62
what is a reflex arc
a pathway where the spinal and cranial reflexes occur
63
list the 3 characteristics of voluntary actions
- learned over time - Slow to act - complex (because it takes a lot of thought)
64
what is the pathway of the reflex arc
Receptors → sensory neurons → Relay Neurons → motor Neurons → Effector muscles → Brain
65
what is a reflex
an involuntary and instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus
66
list the 3 categories/types of reflexes
1. cranial reflexes 2. spinal reflexes 3. coordinated/conditioned reflexes
67
What are cranial reflexes?
the involuntary action (not a conscious thought) which responds to a stimulation of the peripheral nerve
68
list 4 examples of cranial reflexes
-sneezing -blushing -Blinking - pupil dilation
69
what is a spinal reflex?
simple behaviors produced by the CNS pathways that lie entirely within the spinal chord
70
list 2 examples of spinal reflexes
- withdraw reflex - knee-jerk reflex
71
what is a coordinated /conditioned reflex
contains 2 stimuli that stimulate one response. Eventually, this response is studied and understood, and occurs instantly
72
list the 3 characteristics of coordinated reflexes
- not learnt - rapid - simple -not complicated
73
what are transdeucers?
receptors that are able to change stimuli into electrical impulses within the nerve.
74
list the 5 sense organs and their receptors
1. eyes - rods and cones [photo receptors] 2. ski

Human and Social Biology (9 decks)

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