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PSYC388 BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP > MODULE ONE: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL RHYTMS AND SLEEP > Flashcards

MODULE ONE: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL RHYTMS AND SLEEP Flashcards

1
Q

what is chronobiology?

A

the study of biological rhythms in hours, days, months, and years

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2
Q

chronos means __

A

time

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3
Q

bios means __

A

life

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4
Q

logos means __

A

study

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5
Q

what are circadian rhythms?

A

rhythms that are controlled by internal 24 hour biological clocks and synchronize animal behaviour and physiology

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6
Q

what is a biological rhythm?

A

any biological process that repeats at regular intervals

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7
Q

what 2 domains are rhythms described in?

A

time and frequency

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8
Q

describe the time domain of rhythms

A

rhythm has a period

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9
Q

what is a period?

A

the time required to complete a full cycle

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10
Q

on a sinusoidal wave, measuring from crest to crest would be considered a ___?

A

period

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11
Q

describe the frequency domain of rhythms

A

the reciprocal of a period

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12
Q

what is the reciprocal of a period (frequency)? what is it measured in?

A

cycles per unit time ; Hz

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13
Q

what can account for diversities in biological periodicities/rhythms? (2)

A

external stimuli or intrinsic timing devices

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of rhythms based on their periods?

A

ultradian
daily
infradian

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15
Q

ultradian rhythms have periods of…

A

less than 24hrs

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16
Q

daily rhythms have periods of..

A

about 24 hours

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17
Q

infradian rhythms have periods of…

A

greater than 24hrs

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of circa rhythms within the environment?

A

circatidal
circadian
circalunar
circannual

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19
Q

what are circatidal rhythms? estimate their period

A

ultradian rhythms that match the tides

12.5hrs

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20
Q

what are circadian rhythms? estimate their period

A

the daily rhythm that matches the solar day

24hrs

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21
Q

what are circalunar rhythms? estimate their period

A

infradian rhythms that match the lunar month

29.5 days

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22
Q

what are circannual rhythms? estimate their period

A

infradian rhythms that match the solar year

365 days

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23
Q

circa rhythms are unique in 2 ways, what are they?

A
  1. they approximate the periodicity of a major geophysical and environmental cycle
  2. they can persist for many cycles even without their matching geophysical cycle
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24
Q

rhythms that persist in the absence of environmental cycles reflect what 2 implications?

A
  1. they must be generated by internal timekeeping devices that runs similarly to its corresponding environmental cycle
  2. environmental stimuli modify the internal clock to be synchronized to the outside world
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25
Q

what is entrainment?

A

the process of achieving synchronization

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26
Q

who coined the term circadian and emphasized the mathematical techniques to quantify parameters found in daily rhythms?

A

Franz Halberg

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27
Q

Franz Halberg’s graphs demonstrate what?

A

how much of the biochemistry and physiology of mice and humans exert in 24hrs

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28
Q

what can be said about the different rhythms seen in Franz Halberg’s graphs fo daily rhythms

A

they rise and fall at different times of the day

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29
Q

true or false: circadian rhythms are daily rhythms but not all daily rhythms are circadian

A

true

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30
Q

what must a daily rhythm have or do in order to be considered circadian?

A

must persist in the absence of 24-hour environmental cycles

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31
Q

who noticed plants followed the sun as they open and close their leaves in synchrony with day/night cycle?

A

Jean Jacques d’Orous de Marien

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32
Q

how did Jean come to his observation?

A

stored a plant in the closet with no light but still observed the opening and closing of leaves

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33
Q

who continued Jean’s work and demonstrated the same rhythm persists in constant temperature?

A

Duhamel du Monceau

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34
Q

who continued Jean’s work and used a cave as a shield?

A

Augustin de Candolle

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35
Q

what did Candolle observe?

A

the daily rhythm of the leaf was not exactly 24 hours because it was shorter than

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36
Q

who demonstrated time memory in honeybees?

A

August Forel

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37
Q

zeitgedachnis is german for?

A

time memory

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38
Q

Who demonstrated that honeybees can learn and remember time of day in deep salt mines but only if the a meal time occurs at the same time everyday in a 24 hour cycle?

A

Beling

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39
Q

Renner trained bees to find food on NYC time everyday at noon but when they brought them to California the bees flew out at the wrong time, why?

A

the bees were jetlagged

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40
Q

what is jetlag?

A

occurs when crossing multiple time zones very quickly and circadian clocks lag behind the transition

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41
Q

Renner’s observations showed what?

A

bees use an internal representation of time of day to decide when to forage and do not use local time cues

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42
Q

Carl Linnaeus has 3 flower categories, what are they?

A

meteorici

tropici

aequnictales

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43
Q

meteorci flowers open..

A

according to the weather

44
Q

tropici flowers open..

A

according to the changing hours of daylight

45
Q

aequinoctales flowers open..

A

at a specific hour of they day and close up at a specific hour

46
Q

who invented the kymograph to record pressure or motion

A

carl ludwig

47
Q

what was the kymograph?

A

a revolving drum wrapped around with paper and a stylus that can move up and down

48
Q

who was interessted in sources of spontaneous behaviours that occur in the absence of environmental stimuli

A

Ritcher

49
Q

how did Ritcher measure rat movement?

A

in a stationary cage on a rotating drum that was attached to a kymograph

50
Q

what kind of behaviours were observed and exhibited rhythmically in a range of hours and days

A

moving, eating, and drinking

51
Q

how were ink bars produced on the kymograph?

A

every rotation of the wheel open and closed a switch that would cause a 5V pulse and caused pen deflections

52
Q

what is an actogram?

A

the preferred method to visualize circadian rhythm activity

53
Q

what is it called when there is activity time drift in behaviour or physiological process?

A

free run

54
Q

what is the issue with just using a pen and ink chart recorders to acquire an actogram?

A

there are no numbers and it requires further analyses

55
Q

what is significant about using computerized data collection?

A

colours are used to represent data and create a heat map to reflect activity in each cell

56
Q

what is the bivariate plotting format?

A

where the magnitude of each data point is plotted on the y-axis and the time of each data point is on the x-axis

57
Q

true or false: information can be averaged across days and variability can be measured using computer data collection

A

true

58
Q

what kind of information can be collected using computerized data collection? (3)

A

degree of nocturnality

range of variation of activity

shape of the waveform

59
Q

what is beneficial about performing multiple measures over days/weeks rather than just a day?

A

allows manipulation and demonstration of circadian rhythms free run and drift

60
Q

tau is another word for?

A

period

61
Q

a free-running tau has a formula of what?

A

24hrs- (drift hours/#days it took to occur)

62
Q

what is a subjective day?

A

when the animal acts as if it is day

63
Q

what is subjective night?

A

when the animal acts as if its night

64
Q

alpha stands for

A

active phase

65
Q

pho stands for

A

rest phase

66
Q

free running is:

A

a rhythm that persists in a time-free

67
Q

what does it mean for a rhythm to be entrained?

A

it is synchronized to an external time cue

68
Q

define Zeitgeber

A

any periodic stimulus that can entrain a circadian rhythm

69
Q

what is a phase?

A

a position or point in a cycle

70
Q

what are the 2 kinds of phases?

A

active

rest

71
Q

what is acrophase?

A

the peak of a cosine function fit to a time series

72
Q

define the amplitude of a sinusoidal wave

A

the difference between the peak and the trough of a rhythm or difference between a peak and the mean of the rhythm

73
Q

define phase differences

A

difference between 2 time phases

74
Q

what is a phase angle difference?

A

when the data is expressed in angular degrees rather than minutes

75
Q

what is a photoperiod?

A

the daily light period

76
Q

what is a scotoperiod

A

the daily dark period

77
Q

how can one determine the validity of a curve

A

how closely the raw data corresponds to a sine wave

78
Q

having a square-wave component in a circadian rhythm’s shape means what

A

it has been entrained to a 24hr light/dark cycle

79
Q

in a study where subjects were kept in temporary isolation/in constant routine, after the first 20 days what was removed?

A

time of day cues

80
Q

what was the observation of the temporary isolation experiment when the time of day cues was removed?

A

that subjects went to bed 2 hours later each day

81
Q

the constant routine protocol and forced desynchrony yielded what?

A

rhythms estimated closer to 24 hours

82
Q

what is the goal of the constant routine method?

A

to measure circadian rhythms of physiological variables in the absence of environmental and behavioural cues

83
Q

subjects that stay in bed for 1-2 days in constant dim light with small isocaloric meals provided at regular intervals are being studied using what method?

A

constant routine method

84
Q

the constant routine method brought attention to what?

A

3 types of daily rhythms that can be identified as circadian

85
Q

what are the 3 types of daily rhythms that can be characterized as circadian rhythms?

A
  1. sleep dependent
  2. sleep-independent
  3. rhythms that persist in constant routine
86
Q

what kind of rhythms are involved in sleep-dependent rhythms?

A

blood levels of growth hormone and prolactin

87
Q

how /why are blood levels of growth hormone and prolactin considered sleep-dependent?

A

they are typically high at night and will not occur if sleep is prevented

88
Q

what kind of rhythms are involved in sleep-independent rhythms?

A

blood levels of melatonin

89
Q

how/why are blood levels of melatonin considered to be sleep-independent?

A

melatonin is synthesized and secreted at night via the pineal gland and is unaffected by sleep deprivation

90
Q

are blood levels of growth hormone and prolactin indirectly or directly controlled by the circadian clock?

A

indirectly; is secondary to sleep/wake cycle

91
Q

are plasma melatonin levels directly or indirectly controlled by the circadian clock?

A

directly

92
Q

what kind of rhythms persist in the constant routine?

A

bodily temperature

93
Q

how/why is bodily temperature considered a rhythm that persists in constant routine?

A

it rises in the day and falls at night

persists in subjects kept awake in constant routine or during a prolonged time of sleep

94
Q

describe body temperature’s relationship with the circadian clock and the sleep/wake cycle

A

it is jointly controlled by the circadian clock and directly affected by sleep/wake cycle effects

95
Q

for every 10 degree centigrade how are biological reaction rates altered?

A

they double in speed or decrease by half

96
Q

true or false: biological reactions can violate the rate-temperature principle

A

false

97
Q

what is required of a clock mechanism in order for it to tell accurate time across a range of temperatures?

A

temperature compensation

98
Q

a temperature compensation model says that as tissue temperature rises, the clock mechanism speeds up. describe the proposed second mechanism

A

the increasing tissue temperature also increases an inhibitory mechanism output to counter balance the clock speed increase

99
Q

because the temperature mechanism is still unknown, why might there be biological plausibility?

A

no known mechanism for a reported phenomenon can be viewed as skeptical

100
Q

what does it mean for a mechanism to be endogenous?

A

it is internal to the organism

101
Q

what does it mean for a mechanism to be innate?

A

it is genetically determined and does not require exposure to 24hr environmental time cues

102
Q

in the 1930s the biological concept had not been examined. what was rhythm compared to instead?

A

memory established by experience

103
Q

who settled the debate of innate vs acquired in terms of circadian rhythms?

A

Irwin Bunning

104
Q

how did Irwin Bunning come to the conclusion that circadian rhythms are innate?

A

bred fruitflies in constant light for 30 generations where they did not experience circadian rhythms (disorganized)

moved the 31st generation in constant dark and then exerted normal circadian rhythms, even never have exhibited the 24 hour light/dark cycle

105
Q

list the 6 observations that support the biological clock concept as being endogenous, innate, and genetically specified

A

rhythms develop normally in the absence of external stimuli

the circadian periodicity can differ between species in the same environment

tau differs within species of the same environment

tau can be selected by breeding

tau can be altered by gene mutations and eliminated by gene knockouts

tau changes with age and internal hormonal state

106
Q

list the 10 reasons circadian rhythms should be studied

A
  1. physiological regulation and associated motivational states
  2. research design
  3. understanding how time is represented in the brain
  4. behavioural ecology
  5. human performance and social cost
  6. sleep disorders
  7. psychopathology
  8. aging/dementia
  9. medicine
  10. intrinsic interest

PSYC388 BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP (5 decks)

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