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PSYC388 BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP > MODULE 4: NON-PHOTIC ENTRAINMENT > Flashcards

MODULE 4: NON-PHOTIC ENTRAINMENT Flashcards

1
Q

what is typically known to be the dominant zeitgeber in synchronizing circadian rhythms to local time?

A

light

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2
Q

what other 3 kinds of cues are animals exposed to that could reflect zeitgebers?

A

external/geophysical
biotic
internal

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3
Q

in the 60s/70s humans were believed to only be weakly sensitive to which zeitgeber?

A

light

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4
Q

how does social stimuli contribute to light zeitgeber?

A

regulates exposure to light

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5
Q

what 2 ways can social stimuli influence entrainment via regulating light exposure?

A
  1. independently affect the clock via sight/smell/sound/contact
  2. interactions could affect behavioral state and the neural circuits that control the sleep-wake cycle
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6
Q

if ___ can affect the clock,

then potentially anything ___ could shift circadian rhythms

A

behavioural state

arousing

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7
Q

what is the concept of the generic black-box model?

A

intended to represent various elements/interactions thought to be present in the brain/body to explain circadian rhythms

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8
Q

the box represents what in the generic black box model?

A

the circadian clock

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9
Q

in the black-box model: LD cycles are shown to..

A

create non-photic cycles

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10
Q

what is considered the “input” of the black-box model?

A

retina

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11
Q

light exposure is seen to be controlled by what 2 things?

A
  1. clock

2. social stimuli

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12
Q

how does the clock contribute to light exposure control?

A

generates the daily sleep-wake cycle

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13
Q

how does social stimuli contribute to light exposure control?

A

control the sleep-wake states

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14
Q

why is there speculation that behavioral states contribute to light exposure?

A
  1. brain area interactions are reciprocal

2. principle of brain organization suggests that brain areas controlled by the clock may send feedback to the clock

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15
Q

what is the most obvious approach to test if social stimuli affect circadian rhythms independently

A

study young animals who are dependent on parenting for food and warmth

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16
Q

in rats: when does the circadian clock begin to cycle?

A

in utero before birth

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17
Q

how is a rat’s clock being entrained in utero?

A

via signals from the mother

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18
Q

what signals are sent to the rat in utero from its mother to entrain to local environmental time?

A

pineal gland hormone melatonin

food intake

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19
Q

how are rabbits and post/neonatal rats entrained to local environmental time?

A

daily milk-meal provided by its mother

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20
Q

explain the evidence for social synchrony in beave families

A
  • use of gnawing on wood as an indicator of wake
  • there was evident unitary free-running circadian rhythm during the winter
  • all family members were active at the same time
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21
Q

what is the conservative interpretation of the beaver social synchrony experiment?

A

familiy members bring active at the same time represents social synchrony

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22
Q

what is the concern with the conservative interpretation?

A

the dominant member might mask the true phases of the rest-activity rhythms in subordinate members

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23
Q

bats live in ___ and a study in India observed that bats became active ____ in synchrony prior to ___

A

true caves

en masse

nightfall

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24
Q

bats would wake up…

at sunset the bats would …

A

prior to sundown

start foraging

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25
Q

out of night light exposure and social stimuli cues, which cue is critical and which one is sufficient?

A

night light exposure: critical

social cues: sufficient

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26
Q

if a bat was kept in a cage and was prevented from flying, did it remain entrained to the outside world even with no light exposure?

A

yes

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27
Q

if a bat was caged but with no other bats, did it remain synchronized?

A

no it free-ran

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28
Q

can one officially establish that social stimuli affect the animal’s rest-activity cycle and brain areas?

A

no

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29
Q

Mrosovsky concluded ____ are not needed to induce a phase shift

A

social stimuli

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30
Q

in Mrosovsky’s syrian hamster experiment: presenting an intruder into a resident hamster’s cage at what time caused an advance shift?

A

subjective day

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31
Q

in Mrosovsky’s syrian hamster experiment: presenting an intruder into a resident hamster’s cage at what time caused a small delay or no shift?

A

subjective night

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32
Q

what was the 2nd arousal technique that stimulated the activity of investigating/scent markings/rearrangement?

A

changing the cage litter

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33
Q

did changing the cage litter induce phase shifts like the intruder condition?

A

yes

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34
Q

how was a phase shift measured in the experiment where: a hamster was put on a novel wheel after LD entrainment and then DD for 4 days and then be returned to its home cage

A

comparing the activity onset on the 2nd day of DD and during the LD period

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35
Q

true or false - in hamsters: social cues are special as zeitgebers?

A

false

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36
Q

what is believed to cause clock shifts?

A

some correlate of being awake or continuously active

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37
Q

can a clock be shifted by an animal’s behaviour?

A

yes

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38
Q

____ can alter the period of circadian rhythms

A

acute stimulation of activity

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39
Q

Mrosovsky tested the effects of 3h bouts of___ scheduled at 12 different phases of the circadian rest-activity cycle in hamsters

A

novel wheel induced running

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40
Q

exercise in the middle of the ___ caused larger advance phases

A

subjective day/their rest phase

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41
Q

exercise in the middle of the ____ caused small delay shifts

A

subjective night/their active phase

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42
Q

using light pulses on Syrian hamsters showed advance and delay zones but what was different about them?

A

they occurred at radically different timings

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43
Q

the circadian clock was shifted by light at ___ when it should be awake

A

night

44
Q

the circadian clock was shifted by exercise in the __ when it was supposed to be sleeping

A

day

45
Q

stimuli occurring at the wrong time of day is seen as..

A

an error interpreted by the circadian clock

46
Q

a ___ is required to re-establish the appropriate phase relationship between the hamster/environment

A

phase shift

47
Q

if a bout of exercise can ____ and the non-photic PRC is ___, then a __ should be capable of entraining free-running rhythms

A

induce a phase shift

bidirectional

daily exercise

48
Q

a mouse kept in DD with an open running wheel but having it locked for 12h each day lead to ..

A

a gradually entrained free-running drinking rhythm

49
Q

blind mice were forced to run on the treadmill for 3h each day which led to..

A

entrainment of the free-running drinking rhythm

50
Q

both ___ and ___ running behaviour induces phase shifts that are sufficient enough to entrain free-running rhythms

A

voluntary and forced

51
Q

mice free-running with a tau < 24h required a daily ____ to entrain to a 24 hour exercise schedule

A

phase delay

52
Q

at what time was it predicted that exercise should be induced so mice (<24h tau) would entrain?

A

subjective night

53
Q

mice free-running with a tau > 24h required a daily ___ to entrain to a 24h exercise schedule

A

phase advance

54
Q

at what time was it predicted that exercise should be induced so mice (>24 tau) would entrain?

A

beginning of subjective night > middle of subjective day

55
Q

what is the concern with exercise on a novel wheel being the behavioral stimulus causing phase shifts?

A

a locked wheel caused no shift because the hamster would fall asleep

56
Q

how would experimenters keep a hamster up for 1-3 hrs?

A

by appearing and blowing a puff of air or touching them

57
Q

3h arousal with little locomotor activity was sufficient enough to induce a ___ shift

A

advance

58
Q

____ correlates of exercise are not the stimuli that shifts the clock

A

neural or endocrine

59
Q

hamsters that were kept awake for 3h but did not phase shift were..

A

more stressed by the procedure

60
Q

those that were kept awake using more stressful procedures had blood samples with high ___ levels

A

cortisol

61
Q

some neural or endocrine correlate of stress can _____ the phase-shifting effect of arousal

A

supress

62
Q

if behavioural arousal participates in entrainment in natural environments, then its effects must be strong enough to ________ in the presence of LD cycles

A

alter circadian rhythms

63
Q

hamsters entrained to LD cycle and placed in a novel wheel in the middle of light period for 2 weeks showed..

A

large delay in the timing of its nocturnal activity

64
Q

switching from LD to DD and the animal was left undisturbed for 10 days resulted in the unexpected activity that..

A

activity stimulated in the middle of the subjective day in DD causes phase advances not delays

65
Q

the interaction between non-photic arousal stimulus and LD cycle produced a

A

non-linear outcome

66
Q

why are nocturnal animals unexposed to light for 14 hours in the day?

A

the sleep in dens during the day

67
Q

what is the skeleton photoperiod?

A

30 mins of light representing the sunrise and 30 mins of light representing the sunset

68
Q

nocturnal animals entrain stably to ___ although weaker than full photoperiods

A

skeleton photoperiods

69
Q

a hamster entrained to the skeleton photoperiod and placed in a novel wheel for 3h a day in the middle of its subjective day led to..

A

a shift in nocturnal activity where there was a phase invert and its subjective night is now reflected by its subjective day bevaiour

70
Q

a light pulse being presented in the late subjective night caused..

A

no disturbance

71
Q

a hamster put into a novel wheel and ran during light pulse caused ..

A

no shift

72
Q

exercise can ___ the phase-shifting effect of light

A

inhibit

73
Q

behavioural arousal with or without exercise can ___ circadian clock and ___ actions of the light on the clock enough to alter the phase of entrainment to LD

A

shift

inhibit

74
Q

exercise and ____ of arousal can induce phase shifts, entrain, and alter free-running tau

A

a correlate

75
Q

female rodents have a 4-5 day estrous cycle where ..

A

they will accept a mate and be proactive in seeking one

76
Q

voluntary running altering free-running tau is puzzling, why?

A

might make entrainment to LD cycles more precise

77
Q

in mice/rats: light presented in the evening causes the clock to ..

A

delay

78
Q

in mice/rats: running in the subjective night causes

A

an advance phase by shortening tau

79
Q

the opposite effects of light and exercise allow activity onset to..

A

be very close to nightfall

80
Q

hamsters are more responsive to…. than mice/rats which means ..

A

single bouts of light/exercise

non-photic effects are powerful but differ between species

81
Q

circadian rhythms are sensitive to daily variations in __ and __ availablility

A

food

water

82
Q

in laboratory conditions: food is provided freely through the 24h day but nocturnal rodents eat primarily.. but nibble..

A

at night

in the day

83
Q

hamsters kept in LL for 2 months led to..

A

slowing the circadian clock to lengthen free-running tau

84
Q

prolonged/very bright light can lead to..

A

dampening or loss of circadian rhythms

85
Q

rats kept in DD or dim light and restricted to 3h food access per day have free-running activity rhythms that..

A

do not entrain to daily feeding schedules

86
Q

what are the 2 daily rhythms rats exhibit

A
  1. free-running rhythm evident prior to restricted feeding that continues to run
  2. bout of activity occurring each day immediately prior to meal time
87
Q

simultaneous occurrence with different periodicities suggest there are 2 circadian clocks.. what are they?

A
  1. light-entrainable pacemaker

2. food-entrainable pacemaker

88
Q

describe the light-entrainable pacemaker

A

normally entrains to LD cycles and free runs in DD or LL

89
Q

describe the food-entrainable pacemaker

A

entrains to daily feeding cycles

90
Q

how can the food anticipatory activity rhythm be induced?

A

by the natural progression from satiety to hunger

91
Q

which timing mechanism could control the food anticipation?

A

metabolic hourglass timer

92
Q

describe how the stomach would work as an hourglass timer?

A

being stuffed with food after a meal and gradually empties over a number of hours

93
Q

recall: stopwatches can be used to measure intervals of..

A

any duration

94
Q

describe the fixed interval reinforcement schedule

A

reward is received for an operant response but further responses go unrewarded until a time interval has passed

95
Q

the fixed interval reinforcment schedule makes rats…

A

remember the duration of the interval between rewards

96
Q

rats exhibit timing behaviour with ___-like properties

A

stopwatch-timing

97
Q

food anticipation might not be controlled by a circadian clock but by an_____ analogous to a stopwatch

A

interval timer

98
Q

interval timers can time one cycle but must be reset to time the next.. if daily rhythms of food anticipatory were controlled by an interval timer, then .. (3)

A
  1. rhythm should stop if a scheduled meal is omitted
  2. rhythm should appear regardless of the duration of the feeding interval
  3. rhythm should reset immediately if mealtime is shfited
99
Q

if the food anticipatory rhythms are controlled by a food-entrainable clock, then.. (3)

A
  1. the rhythm shoudl persist in constant conditions
  2. rhythm should only appear if the feeding schedule is in the circadian range
  3. the rhythm should reset gradually rather than immediately if mealtime is shifted
100
Q

what evidence is there that a food-entrainable clock can explain the daily food anticipatory activity rhythms?

A
  1. food anticipation rhythms persist in constant conditions
  2. food anticipation rhythm has circadian rhythms to entrainment
  3. if mealtime is shifted, the FAA shifts gradually rather than immediately
  4. FAA does not require the light-entrainable circadian pacemaker
101
Q

what are the 3 temporal niches?

A

diurnal, nocturnal ,crepuscular

102
Q

food anticipation in rats fed during usual rest phase demonstrates..

A

temporal niche switching

103
Q

a switch to diurnality occurs when ..

A

food is limited to daytime

104
Q

can niche switching occur for even if food is restricted to the daytime ?

A

yes

105
Q

mice showed that too high of a workload led to

A

less eating and a shift of nocturnal to dirunal

106
Q

the shift in mice from nocturnal to diurnal was established by.. (3)

A
  1. less activity at night and body temperature dropped
  2. when a lot of energy is needed to obtain food, animals will eat less and save energy by decreasing body temp at night
  3. LD cycle is predictive in daily variations in environmental temp that would be predictive in nature

PSYC388 BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP (5 decks)

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