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PSYC388 BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP > Module 2: Evolution and Adaptive Significance > Flashcards

Module 2: Evolution and Adaptive Significance Flashcards

1
Q

what is the distinction between psychology and biology?

A

proximate and ultimate causality

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2
Q

what is proximate causality?

A

the how questions in life sciences

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3
Q

what is ultimate causality?

A

the why questions in life sciences

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4
Q

questions of function search for what

A

the function or purpose of something

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5
Q

what is an important mechanism of evolution?

A

natural selection

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6
Q

what is natural selection?

A

refers to the differential reproductive fitness resulting from differential adaptation features of the environment

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7
Q

what are examples of local features?

A

temperature, precipitation, topography

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8
Q

local features drive speciation by …

A

favoring animals that have adaptations specific to these features

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9
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of global features?

A

endurable
stable
nontrivial

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10
Q

most obvious features are associated with …?

A

the solar day

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11
Q

circadian clocks represent a _____-specified internal representation

A

genetically

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12
Q

what must be established to formulate hypotheses about circadian clock origins?

A

range of life forms that can possess circadian clocks

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13
Q

what makes a daily rhythm circadian?

A

it persists in a constant environment with a 24hr periodicity

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14
Q

what are the 3 domains in life?

A

eukaryote
bacteria (prokaryote)
archaea

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15
Q

true or false: true circadian clocks are within all 3 domains of life

A

true

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16
Q

are circadian clocks present in all kingdoms in life? examples are plants, animals, and fungi

A

yes

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17
Q

multicellular eukaryotic organisms have ___ circadian rhythms and unicellular eukaryotic organisms have ___ circadian rhythms

A

multi: true
uni: bone fide

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18
Q

prokaryotic organisms lack ____ but have ___ circadian rhythms

A

cell nuclei/membrane-bound organelles

true

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19
Q

based on eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, what can we conclude about circadian clocks?

A
  1. they are ancient and widely conserved
  2. they likely appeared in the history of life on Earth
  3. clocks have evolved many times according to operational analyses of clock genes
  4. life forms must make important contributions towards survival if most life forms have them
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20
Q

true or false: bacteria, plants, and animals have the same clock genes

A

false: they do not share the same clock genes

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21
Q

what are assumed to be the biological challenges faced by early life that led to the evolution of circadian clocks (2)?

A

external and internal coordination challenges

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22
Q

describe the external coordination challenge

A

challenge of needing to coodrinate biochemistry with solar radiation/temperature daily cycles

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23
Q

describe the internal coordination challenge

A

challenge of coordinating biochemical processes with each other so they occur in the correct order and so incompatible processes occur at different times of day

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24
Q

sunlight serves as a ____ but also a ____

A

potential energy source

danger

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25
Q

explain why sunlight can pose a danger to species

A

high energy can strip electrons and damage biomolecules to disrupt cellular processes

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26
Q

true or false: sunlight can pose as a danger to DNA replication

A

true

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27
Q

what were the 2 solutions for organisms that did not have physical barriers to block UV light?

A

restrict critical cellular activities to nighttime

hide from daylight

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28
Q

when species were proposed to hide from daylight or restrict their critical cellular processes to nighttime, what was this hypothesis called?

A

escape from light hypothesis

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29
Q

about 2.5 billion years ago, what event did the Earth experience?

A

the great oxidation event

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30
Q

what caused the great oxidation event?

A

the rapid increase of atmospheric oxygen by the means of reproductive fitness of cyanobacteria

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31
Q

cyanobacteria contributed to the great oxidation event by…

A

making metabolic fuel via photosynthesis from light

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32
Q

what is the issue with aerobic metabolism?

A

it generates toxic reactive oxygen molecules (H2O2/free radicals) that can damage cells

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33
Q

the evolution of aerobic metabolism depended on what?

A

the co-evolution of antioxidant biomolecules for scavenging oxygen radicals

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34
Q

describe how circadian rhythms may have evolved to resolve the effects of aerobic metabolism

A

controlled the production of antioxidants to be available for daytime when photosynthesis occurs

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35
Q

how do circadian rhythms work in terms of producing antioxidants for reactive oxygen molecules?

A

turn on production in anticipation of day when the reactive oxygen molecules would be accumulating

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36
Q

the hypothesis that turns on the production of antioxidants for H2O2/free radical oxygen molecules in the daytime is called..

A

escape from oxygen radicals hypothesis

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37
Q

true or false: biochemical processes are vital to cell/organ function but can be incompatible with other vital processes

A

true

38
Q

what is nitrogen fixation?

A

when cells convert environmental nitrogen to ammonia for cell use

39
Q

what is nitrogenase?

A

the enzyme needed to drive nitrogen fixation

40
Q

what can destroy nitrogenase?

A

oxygen from photosynthesis

41
Q

can nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis occur at the same time, in the same space?

A

no

42
Q

how does the circadian clock account for the issue that nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis are not compatible?

A

gating the production of nitrogenase to make it available at night thus limiting nitrogen fixation to night

43
Q

what is an example of mammalian clock-controlled temporal segregation of internal processes?

A

regulation of glucose storage in the liver

44
Q

how is glucose stored and taken up?

A

stored as glycogen and taken up by hepatocytes

45
Q

what enzyme contributes to glycogen synthesis?

A

glycogen synthase

46
Q

what enzyme contributes to glycogen breakdown/degradation?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

47
Q

how does the circadian clock regulate glycogen

  1. synthesis and
  2. degradation
A
  1. favors glycogen synthesis during the active-feeding phase of the rest-activity cycle
  2. favours glycogen phosphorylation in the rest/fasting phase of the rest-activity cycle
48
Q

how many times have circadian clocks been suggested to evolve?

A

4 times

49
Q

how are circadian clocks conserved across phylogeny?

A

they continue to make important contributions to a species survival

50
Q

organisms with no skin and pigmentation that would help minimize penetration of UV light will have to anticipate what?

A

the change from day to night and back

51
Q

true or false: environmental temperature and humidity are important to Nematode worms’ anticipation

A

true

52
Q

can circadian clocks be critical in timing an event that only occurs once in a lifetime? what organism is an example with this concern?

A

yes

fruit flies

53
Q

what is food anticipatory activity?

A

when memory is inferred from the emergence of activity prior to mealtime

54
Q

at what times are rats active when food anticipatory activity is established?

A

1-2 hours before meal time

during meal time

55
Q

if a meal is skipped, will the FFA pattern still occur the next day?

A

yes

56
Q

if an FFA pattern still persists if a meal is skipped, what does that say about the animal?

A

it is remembering the time of day rather than responding to simple hunger

57
Q

____ program behaviour but the clock system is flexible and can ____ adjustments when necessary

A

circadian clocks

permit

58
Q

when there are 2 predictable meal times where each has a different location, what do animals use to decide where to go with the help of no external cues?

A

time of day

59
Q

what are the 2 modes in which circadian clocks can be used conceptually?

A
  1. alarm clock mode

2. wristwatch mode

60
Q

which organism uses the ideas of alarm clock and wristwatch modes when determining mealtime?

A

honey bees

61
Q

what is the idea of a wristwatch mode?

A

the concept of a unitary clock that can be continuously consulted

62
Q

what is the benefit of using wristwatch mode?

A

foraging efficiency by discriminating time of day without using external cues

63
Q

what is time-place learning/association?

A

another term for memory time

64
Q

how do animals demonstrate time-place learning?

A

they can discriminate the time of day by learning to go to a particular place at particular time of day

65
Q

what do animals use to navigate over short or long distances as a directional tool?

A

the sun

66
Q

how far does the sun rotate every hour?

A

15 degrees of arc

67
Q

because the sun moves 15 degrees of arc per hour, animals have to …

A

continuously adjust its bearing relative to the sun

68
Q

how do bees communicate time and location of food to other bees?

A

waggle dance

69
Q

describe the honeybee dance used to communicate where other can forage for food

A

running in a circle on the vertical plane where each revolution it bisects the circle at a specific angle

70
Q

true or false: circadian clocks help animals forage for mates

A

true

71
Q

why is the role of circadian clocks in finding mates important to some species?

A

they have brief adult lives or live in a solitary lifestyle

72
Q

what would enhance the chances of males and females meeting?

A

both sexes being active in the same time of day

73
Q

how do circadian clocks achieve exposing males and females meeting?

A

create a rest-activity cycle that is synchronized by an environmental time cue to which both are exposed

74
Q

describe how blind mole rats have true circadian rhythms that entrain light/dark cycles

A

small rudimentary eyes under the skin with specialized photoreceptors that communicate directly with the brain circadian clock

75
Q

___ of predators is important throughout life of an organism but takes on special importance at vulnerable stages

A

avoidance

76
Q

how do guillemot chicks reduce their chances of getting eaten when they leave their nests to find their own fish to eat? how do they do this?

A

fledge in large groups and only do so in the evening

controlled by circadian clocks

77
Q

what is temporal niche segregation?

A

use of circadian clock to limit activity to day/night in order to avoid competition with other species or with dominant individuals of the same kind

78
Q

what are 3 more uses for circadian rhythms?

A
  1. photoperiodism
  2. habitat selection
  3. extended physiological states
79
Q

what is photoperiodism?

A

ability to measure the length of a day as a means to keep track of the time of the year and adjust behaviour in advance in seasonal changes

80
Q

what is habitat selection?

A

animals that use cave/underground rely on circadian clock to control wake up time to ensure animal begins its foraging activities

81
Q

explain what is meant by extended physiological states

A

the biological necessity to spend part of each 24 hour cycle sleeping

82
Q

what did Patricia Deocoursey discover? (2)

A
  1. chipmunks with their master circadian clock removed still showed daily rhythms
  2. had eliminated their rest-activity rhythms which caused them to make noises when they were supposed to sleep
83
Q

true or false: loss of the clock might impair any physiological system sufficiently to result in death

A

false

84
Q

observing cave fish with regressed visual systems and lack of pigmentation showed they have weak or absent circadian rhythms but..

A

rhythms can become rhythmic if restricted to one meal time

85
Q

what can be learned from cave fish-produced rhythms?

A

arrhythmic species can become circadian if food availability becomes circadian

86
Q

what are the 2 conditions in which growth and survival is most successful

A
  1. there is a circadian rhythm that matches environmental cycles
  2. the environment is rhythmic and not constant
87
Q

what can one conclude about a circadian organization as a result of the observations on tomato plants, drosophila, mutant hamsters, adrenalectomized hamsters, and cyanobacteria?

A

circadian organization does provide significant advantages for growth/survival but only when the environment is circadian and if there is competition for resources

88
Q

mutation of clock genes or repeated shift changes of the light/dark cycle do what?

A

link circadian clocks with health and survival

89
Q

some clock genes regulate the expression of genes that control ____

A

the cell division cycle

90
Q

what happens when clock genes are knocked out?

A

dysregulation of cell division and tumor growth

PSYC388 BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP (5 decks)

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