module four: chapter sixteen: organic synthesis

Question 1

how do you make a haloalkane from an alkane?

Answer 1

halogen + UV

Question 2

how do you make a haloalkane from an alkene?

Answer 2

hydrogen halide

Question 3

how do you make a haloalkane from an alcohol?

Answer 3

sodium halide + H2SO4

Question 4

how do you make an alkane from an alkene?

Answer 4

H2 + nickel catalyst

Question 5

how do you make an alcohol from a haloalkane?

Answer 5

NaOH + reflux

Question 6

how do you make an alkene from an alcohol?

Answer 6

concentrated H2SO4

Question 7

how do you make an alcohol from an alkene?

Answer 7

steam + H3PO4 catalyst

Question 8

how do you make a carboxylic acid from an alcohol?

Answer 8

primary alcohol, K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 + reflux

Question 9

how do you make an aldehyde from an alcohol?

Answer 9

primary alcohol, K2CR2O7 / H2SO4+ distillation

Question 10

how do you make a ketone from an alcohol?

Answer 10

secondary alcohol, K2CR2O7 / H2SO4 + reflux

Question 11

what is the functional group of an aldehyde?

Answer 11

=O

Question 12

what is the functional group of a ketone?

Answer 12

C=O

Question 13

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

Answer 13

—COOH

Question 14

what is the functional group of an ester?

Answer 14

—COOC

Question 15

what is the functional group of an amine?

Answer 15

—NH2

Question 16

what is the functional group of acyl chloride?

Answer 16

—COCl

Question 17

what is the functional group of a nitrile?

Answer 17

—CN

Question 18

what is a target molecule?

Answer 18

the compound that the chemist is attempting to prepare by organic synthesis

Question 19

what equipment do you require to heat under reflux?

Answer 19

pear shaped flask, condenser, rubber tubing, stand and clamp, heat source

Question 20

how do you heat under reflux?

Answer 20

the liquid is continuously boiled and the vapour rises until it meets cold water, it condenses and drips into the flask

Question 21

why do we heat under reflux?

Answer 21

to prepare an organic liquid without boiling off the solvent

Question 22

why do we use distillation?

Answer 22

the reflux product needs to be purified to remove any by-products

Question 23

what equipment do you require to distil?

Answer 23

pear shaped flask, condenser, rubber tubing, heat source, stand and clamp, screw tap adapter, reciever adapter, still head, thermometer

Question 24

how do you distil?

Answer 24

the flask is heated and the mixture will boil, the different liquids will have different boiling points, the liquid with the lowest will boil first, the vapour moves out of the flask and into the cold condenser, it will condense and drip into the flask.

Question 25

how do you purify organic products?

Answer 25

ensure the tap of the separating funnel is closed, pour the mixture of liquids into the separating funnel, invert to mix it. allow layers to settle, add some water to see which layer increases in volume - this is the aqueous layer, place a conical flask under the funnel, remove the stopper and allow the whole of the lower layer to go. place a second conical flask under the separating funnel to collect the other layer

Question 26

how do you dry the organic product?

Answer 26

traces of water are removed by adding a drying agent (anhydrous inorganic salt). add organic liquid to a conical flask, using a spatula add some drying agent and gently swirl. if the solid has all stuck together there is still water present so add more until the solid is dispersed, decant the liquid from the solid.

Question 27

what is redistillation?

Answer 27

when organic liquids have boiling points close together it may still have some impurities, so a second distillation is carried out.