Module Four Flashcards
Is cross-sectional descriptive or analytic?
Descriptive
Is ecological descriptive or analytic?
Descriptive
Is prospective cohort descriptive or analytic?
Analytic
Is historical cohort descriptive or analytic?
Analytic
Is case-control descriptive or analytic?
Analytic
Is randomised control descriptive or analytic?
Analytic
Is cross-sectional observational or interventional?
Observational
Is ecological observational or interventional?
Observational
Is prospective cohort observational or interventional?
Observational
Is historical cohort observational or interventional?
Observational
Is case-control observational or interventional?
Observational
Is randomised control observational or interventional?
Interventional
What is a cross-sectional study used to measure?
Can be used to describe the distribution of a stable exposure or outcome at a specific point in time
What is an ecological study used to measure?
Can be used to measure exposures and outcomes across groups. Every data point is the population
What is a prospective cohort study used to measure?
Individuals are defined on the basis of the presence or absence of an exposure and are followed up to see if they develop the disease
What is a historical cohort study used to measure?
A research study in which the medical records of an alike group of individuals who differ by certain characteristics are compared for a particular outcome
What is a case control study used to measure?
Ascertain the outcome status of individuals and then find out their exposure. Measure exposure using density sampling
What is a randomised control trial used to measure?
Participants are randomly allocated to groups. Always have a comparison (control group) Testing the effects of treatments/interventions
What are the strengths of a cross-sectional study?
Multiple exposures and outcomes, quick, inexpensive, generate hypothesis, prevalence, useful for planning
What are the strengths of an ecological study?
Data routinely collected and readily available, easy, inexpensive, compare populations, consider hypothesis, good for population-level exposures
What are the strengths of a prospective cohort study?
Rare exposures, temporal sequences between exposure and outcome, multiple outcomes
What are the strengths of a historical cohort study?
Can use existing data to reconstruct a follow up period in the past, less time consuming than prospective, good for outcomes that take a long time to develop, less expensive
What are the strengths of a case-control study?
Rare outcomes, transient exposures, multiple exposures, temporal sequencing
What are the strengths of a randomised control trial?
Best way to evaluate intervention, strongest design for demonstrating casual association, best for testing interventions
What are the weaknesses of a cross sectional study?
No temporal sequencing, not good for rare outcomes and exposures, not good for assessing transient of variable exposures, dependent on when study is done, prevalence
What are the weaknesses of an ecological study?
ecological fallacy, cannot control for confounding, cant show causation
What are the weaknesses of a prospective cohort study?
Loss to follow up can cause bias, potential for misclassification of exposure and/or outcomes, not good for rare outcomes, expensive, healthy worker effect, potential for participants to have a change in exposure status
What are the weaknesses of a historical cohort study?
Use of existing data that may have been collected for other reasons leading to
questionable quality, may not know about all relevant factors, selection bias
What are the weaknesses of a case-control study
Usually can only study one outcome, difficult to select appropriate controls, susceptible to selection and recall bias
What are the weaknesses of a randomised control trial?
Loss to follow-up can cause bias, blinding difficulty, non-adherence can cause bias, ethical issues, exposure needs to be modifiable, highly selective
What is the measure of occurrence for a cross-sectional study?
Prevalence
What is the measure of occurrence for an ecological study?
Prevalence
What is the measure of occurrence for a prospective cohort study?
Incidence proportion / rate
What is the measure of occurrence for a historical cohort study?
Incidence proportion / rate
What is the measure of occurrence for a case control study?
There is none, cannot measure
What is the measure of occurrence for a randomised control study?
Incidence proportion / rate
What is the measure of association for a cross sectional study?
There is none, cannot calculate
What is the measure of association for an ecological study?
There is none, cannot calculate
What is the measure of association for a prospective cohort study?
Relative risk / risk difference
What is the measure of association for a historical cohort study?
Relative risk / risk difference
What is the measure of association for a case control study?
Odds ratio
What is the measure of association for a randomised control trial?
Relative risk / risk difference
