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POPH192 2024 > Module Four > Flashcards

Module Four Flashcards

1
Q

Is cross-sectional descriptive or analytic?

A

Descriptive

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2
Q

Is ecological descriptive or analytic?

A

Descriptive

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3
Q

Is prospective cohort descriptive or analytic?

A

Analytic

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4
Q

Is historical cohort descriptive or analytic?

A

Analytic

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5
Q

Is case-control descriptive or analytic?

A

Analytic

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6
Q

Is randomised control descriptive or analytic?

A

Analytic

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7
Q

Is cross-sectional observational or interventional?

A

Observational

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8
Q

Is ecological observational or interventional?

A

Observational

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9
Q

Is prospective cohort observational or interventional?

A

Observational

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10
Q

Is historical cohort observational or interventional?

A

Observational

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11
Q

Is case-control observational or interventional?

A

Observational

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12
Q

Is randomised control observational or interventional?

A

Interventional

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13
Q

What is a cross-sectional study used to measure?

A

Can be used to describe the distribution of a stable exposure or outcome at a specific point in time

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14
Q

What is an ecological study used to measure?

A

Can be used to measure exposures and outcomes across groups. Every data point is the population

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15
Q

What is a prospective cohort study used to measure?

A

Individuals are defined on the basis of the presence or absence of an exposure and are followed up to see if they develop the disease

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16
Q

What is a historical cohort study used to measure?

A

A research study in which the medical records of an alike group of individuals who differ by certain characteristics are compared for a particular outcome

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17
Q

What is a case control study used to measure?

A

Ascertain the outcome status of individuals and then find out their exposure. Measure exposure using density sampling

18
Q

What is a randomised control trial used to measure?

A

Participants are randomly allocated to groups. Always have a comparison (control group) Testing the effects of treatments/interventions

19
Q

What are the strengths of a cross-sectional study?

A

Multiple exposures and outcomes, quick, inexpensive, generate hypothesis, prevalence, useful for planning

20
Q

What are the strengths of an ecological study?

A

Data routinely collected and readily available, easy, inexpensive, compare populations, consider hypothesis, good for population-level exposures

21
Q

What are the strengths of a prospective cohort study?

A

Rare exposures, temporal sequences between exposure and outcome, multiple outcomes

22
Q

What are the strengths of a historical cohort study?

A

Can use existing data to reconstruct a follow up period in the past, less time consuming than prospective, good for outcomes that take a long time to develop, less expensive

23
Q

What are the strengths of a case-control study?

A

Rare outcomes, transient exposures, multiple exposures, temporal sequencing

24
Q

What are the strengths of a randomised control trial?

A

Best way to evaluate intervention, strongest design for demonstrating casual association, best for testing interventions

25
Q

What are the weaknesses of a cross sectional study?

A

No temporal sequencing, not good for rare outcomes and exposures, not good for assessing transient of variable exposures, dependent on when study is done, prevalence

26
Q

What are the weaknesses of an ecological study?

A

ecological fallacy, cannot control for confounding, cant show causation

27
Q

What are the weaknesses of a prospective cohort study?

A

Loss to follow up can cause bias, potential for misclassification of exposure and/or outcomes, not good for rare outcomes, expensive, healthy worker effect, potential for participants to have a change in exposure status

28
Q

What are the weaknesses of a historical cohort study?

A

Use of existing data that may have been collected for other reasons leading to
questionable quality, may not know about all relevant factors, selection bias

29
Q

What are the weaknesses of a case-control study

A

Usually can only study one outcome, difficult to select appropriate controls, susceptible to selection and recall bias

30
Q

What are the weaknesses of a randomised control trial?

A

Loss to follow-up can cause bias, blinding difficulty, non-adherence can cause bias, ethical issues, exposure needs to be modifiable, highly selective

31
Q

What is the measure of occurrence for a cross-sectional study?

A

Prevalence

32
Q

What is the measure of occurrence for an ecological study?

A

Prevalence

33
Q

What is the measure of occurrence for a prospective cohort study?

A

Incidence proportion / rate

34
Q

What is the measure of occurrence for a historical cohort study?

A

Incidence proportion / rate

35
Q

What is the measure of occurrence for a case control study?

A

There is none, cannot measure

36
Q

What is the measure of occurrence for a randomised control study?

A

Incidence proportion / rate

37
Q

What is the measure of association for a cross sectional study?

A

There is none, cannot calculate

38
Q

What is the measure of association for an ecological study?

A

There is none, cannot calculate

39
Q

What is the measure of association for a prospective cohort study?

A

Relative risk / risk difference

40
Q

What is the measure of association for a historical cohort study?

A

Relative risk / risk difference

41
Q

What is the measure of association for a case control study?

A

Odds ratio

42
Q

What is the measure of association for a randomised control trial?

A

Relative risk / risk difference

POPH192 2024 (8 decks)

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