Module Four

Question 1

Is cross-sectional descriptive or analytic?

Answer 1

Descriptive

Question 2

Is ecological descriptive or analytic?

Answer 2

Descriptive

Question 3

Is prospective cohort descriptive or analytic?

Answer 3

Analytic

Question 4

Is historical cohort descriptive or analytic?

Answer 4

Analytic

Question 5

Is case-control descriptive or analytic?

Answer 5

Analytic

Question 6

Is randomised control descriptive or analytic?

Answer 6

Analytic

Question 7

Is cross-sectional observational or interventional?

Answer 7

Observational

Question 8

Is ecological observational or interventional?

Answer 8

Observational

Question 9

Is prospective cohort observational or interventional?

Answer 9

Observational

Question 10

Is historical cohort observational or interventional?

Answer 10

Observational

Question 11

Is case-control observational or interventional?

Answer 11

Observational

Question 12

Is randomised control observational or interventional?

Answer 12

Interventional

Question 13

What is a cross-sectional study used to measure?

Answer 13

Can be used to describe the distribution of a stable exposure or outcome at a specific point in time

Question 14

What is an ecological study used to measure?

Answer 14

Can be used to measure exposures and outcomes across groups. Every data point is the population

Question 15

What is a prospective cohort study used to measure?

Answer 15

Individuals are defined on the basis of the presence or absence of an exposure and are followed up to see if they develop the disease

Question 16

What is a historical cohort study used to measure?

Answer 16

A research study in which the medical records of an alike group of individuals who differ by certain characteristics are compared for a particular outcome

Question 17

What is a case control study used to measure?

Answer 17

Ascertain the outcome status of individuals and then find out their exposure. Measure exposure using density sampling

Question 18

What is a randomised control trial used to measure?

Answer 18

Participants are randomly allocated to groups. Always have a comparison (control group) Testing the effects of treatments/interventions

Question 19

What are the strengths of a cross-sectional study?

Answer 19

Multiple exposures and outcomes, quick, inexpensive, generate hypothesis, prevalence, useful for planning

Question 20

What are the strengths of an ecological study?

Answer 20

Data routinely collected and readily available, easy, inexpensive, compare populations, consider hypothesis, good for population-level exposures

Question 21

What are the strengths of a prospective cohort study?

Answer 21

Rare exposures, temporal sequences between exposure and outcome, multiple outcomes

Question 22

What are the strengths of a historical cohort study?

Answer 22

Can use existing data to reconstruct a follow up period in the past, less time consuming than prospective, good for outcomes that take a long time to develop, less expensive

Question 23

What are the strengths of a case-control study?

Answer 23

Rare outcomes, transient exposures, multiple exposures, temporal sequencing

Question 24

What are the strengths of a randomised control trial?

Answer 24

Best way to evaluate intervention, strongest design for demonstrating casual association, best for testing interventions

Question 25

What are the weaknesses of a cross sectional study?

Answer 25

No temporal sequencing, not good for rare outcomes and exposures, not good for assessing transient of variable exposures, dependent on when study is done, prevalence

Question 26

What are the weaknesses of an ecological study?

Answer 26

ecological fallacy, cannot control for confounding, cant show causation

Question 27

What are the weaknesses of a prospective cohort study?

Answer 27

Loss to follow up can cause bias, potential for misclassification of exposure and/or outcomes, not good for rare outcomes, expensive, healthy worker effect, potential for participants to have a change in exposure status

Question 28

What are the weaknesses of a historical cohort study?

Answer 28

Use of existing data that may have been collected for other reasons leading to questionable quality, may not know about all relevant factors, selection bias

Question 29

What are the weaknesses of a case-control study

Answer 29

Usually can only study one outcome, difficult to select appropriate controls, susceptible to selection and recall bias

Question 30

What are the weaknesses of a randomised control trial?

Answer 30

Loss to follow-up can cause bias, blinding difficulty, non-adherence can cause bias, ethical issues, exposure needs to be modifiable, highly selective

Question 31

What is the measure of occurrence for a cross-sectional study?

Answer 31

Prevalence

Question 32

What is the measure of occurrence for an ecological study?

Answer 32

Prevalence

Question 33

What is the measure of occurrence for a prospective cohort study?

Answer 33

Incidence proportion / rate

Question 34

What is the measure of occurrence for a historical cohort study?

Answer 34

Incidence proportion / rate

Question 35

What is the measure of occurrence for a case control study?

Answer 35

There is none, cannot measure

Question 36

What is the measure of occurrence for a randomised control study?

Answer 36

Incidence proportion / rate

Question 37

What is the measure of association for a cross sectional study?

Answer 37

There is none, cannot calculate

Question 38

What is the measure of association for an ecological study?

Answer 38

There is none, cannot calculate

Question 39

What is the measure of association for a prospective cohort study?

Answer 39

Relative risk / risk difference

Question 40

What is the measure of association for a historical cohort study?

Answer 40

Relative risk / risk difference

Question 41

What is the measure of association for a case control study?

Answer 41

Odds ratio

Question 42

What is the measure of association for a randomised control trial?

Answer 42

Relative risk / risk difference