Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POPH192 2024 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related events, state or processes in specified populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Population health

A

The health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of such outcomes within the group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

NZDep

A

Area bases measure of deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Income level blow which a minimum nutritionally adequate diet plus essential non-food requirements is not affordable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Relative poverty

A

The amount of income a person, family, or group needs to purchase a relative amount of basic necessities of life; these basic necessities are identified relative to each society and economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Social gradient

A

More deprived = poorer health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Social determinants of health

A

The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Communicable disease

A

Illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that people spread to one another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or through the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Non-communicable disease

A

Disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

A

The sum of the years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and the years lived with a disability (YLDs) due to prevalent cases of the disease or health condition in a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Demographic transition

A

Changes in a population death and birth rates over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

Changes in population disease patterns over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prevalence

A

The proportion of a population who have the disease at a point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Incidence

A

The occurrence of new cases of an outcome in a population during a specific period of follow up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Incidence proportion

A

The proportion of an outcome-free population that develops the outcome of interest in a specified time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Incidence rate

A

The rate at which new cases of the outcome of interest occur in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Age standardisation

A

Takes into consideration both population size and age-structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Internal validity

A

Extent to which the study findings are an accurate estimate of the actual value in the source populaiton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

External valditiy

A

Extent to which the study findings are applicable to a broader or different population

Generalisability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Parameter

A

A number that describes a whole population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chance

A

Sampling error from random error and variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

P-values

A

The probability of getting a study estimate when there is really no association just because of sampling error (chance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ho

A

No difference / association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ha

A

Difference / association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Type 1 error

A

Rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Type 2 error

A

Fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Power

A

How many participants are needed to minimise chance of a type 2 error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Arbitrary threshold

A

A value that is set without regard to specific circumstances (no consideration of clinical importance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bias

A

Any systematic error in an epidemiological study that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Selection bias

A

A systematic difference between the people who are included in a study and those who are not, or when study and comparison groups are selected inappropriately or using different criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Information bias

A

Results from systematic differences in the way data on exposure or outcomes are obtained from the various study groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Accuracy

A

How close results are to the true or known value

33
Q

Precision

A

How close results are to one another

34
Q

Non-differential misclassificaion

A

When measurement error and any resulting misclassification occur equally in all groups being compared

35
Q

Differential misclassification

A

When measurement error and any resulting misclassification occur unequally in groups being compared

36
Q

Recall bias

A

Systematic error due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall to memory of past events or experiences

37
Q

Publication bias

A

The results of the tendency of authors to submit, organisations to encourage, reviewers to approve and editors to publish articles containing ‘positive’ findings

38
Q

Confounding

A

A mixing of effects when the relationship we are interested in is confused by the effect of something else

39
Q

Sufficient cause

A

A complete causal mechanism that inevitably produces disease

40
Q

Component cause

A

The individual factors making up a sufficient cause

41
Q

Necessary cause

A

A component that is present in every sufficient cause of a disease

42
Q

Biological plausibility

A

Likelihood of a cause-and-effect relationship between a biological factor and a disease or adverse event

43
Q

Experimental evidence

A

RCT

44
Q

Specificity

A

A single risk factor is strongly correlated with a single medical outcome

45
Q

Temporal sequencing

A

Exposure must come before outcome

46
Q

Consistency

A

Being consistent with other studies

47
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

Does more of the exposure cause worse outcomes?

48
Q

Strength of association

A

Stronger, less likely due to confounding or bias. >2

49
Q

Systematic review

A

A scholarly process that evaluates and summarises all relevant studies on a topic to answer a specific research question

50
Q

Narrative review

A

A type of literature review that summarises and interprets existing research on a topic

51
Q

Critical appraisal

A

The process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness and its value and relevance in a particular context

52
Q

Primary prevention

A

Interventions that attempt to prevent disease from occurring

53
Q

Secondly prevention

A

Reduce the impact of disease by shortening its duration, reducing severity or preventing recurrence

54
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Reduce the number or impact of complications and improve rehabilitation

55
Q

High risk strategy

A

Individuals in special need are identified… works to control levels of exposure to a cause or to provide protection against the consequence of exposure

56
Q

Population strategy

A

Aims to reduce the health risks of the entire population

57
Q

Prevention paradox

A

A large number of people at small risk may give rise to more causes of disease than the small number who are at high risk

58
Q

Evidence based practice

A

A process used to review, analyse, and translate the latest scientific evidence

59
Q

Surveillance

A

Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data regarding a health event for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality and to improve health

60
Q

Indicator based surveillance

A

Specific selected indicators are under surveillance e.g. infectious diseases or cancers passively notified by clinician to report of rates of disease by demographic characteristics of affected individuals

61
Q

Event-based surveillance

A

Organised monitoring of reports, media stories, rumours and other information about health events that could be a serious risk to public health

62
Q

Passive surveillance

A

Routine reporting of health data which is low cost, allows data linkages but can cause under reporting

63
Q

Active surveillance

A

Serosurveillance (monitoring of presence or absence of specific substance in the blood serum of a population) and health surveys

64
Q

Sentinel surveillance

A

Health data collected from selected institutions or groups to monitor diseases or trends and detect outbreaks

65
Q

Screening

A

The widespread use fo a simple test for a disease in an apparnetly healthy populaiton

66
Q

Screening programme

A

An organised system using a screening test among asymptomatic people in the population to identify early cases of disease to improve outcomes

67
Q

Sensitivity

A

Proportion of people with disease who test positive

68
Q

Specificity

A

Proportion of people without disease who test negative

69
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Proportion of people who test positive and have the disease

70
Q

Negative predicted value

A

Proportion of people who test negative and don’t have the disease

71
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of an organism to produce clinical symptoms and illness

72
Q

Virulence

A

Ability of an organism to produce serious disease (case-fatality rate)

73
Q

Epidemic

A

Unexpected increase in the incidence of disease

74
Q

Endemic

A

Constant presence of disease or infectious agent within a geographical area or population group

75
Q

Holoendemic

A

All year, mainly children

76
Q

Hyperendemic

A

Waves of infection, all ages infected

77
Q

Pandemic

A

Affects a large number of people and crosses many international boundaries

78
Q

Clusters

A

Aggregation of relatively uncommon events or disease in space and/or time that are thought to be greater than could be expected by chance

POPH192 2024 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions