Module A Flashcards by Michelle Era

… analyze multiple studies already performed in a subject area, classifying them in terms of quality and outcomes.

Systematic reviews

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… compare the same variable studied in multiple articles in an attempt to quantify the results.

Meta-analyses

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A study in which subjects are randomly assigned either to an experimental group that receives a given intervention or to a control group that receives no intervention. Outcomes of the experimental group are then compared with those of the control group.

Randomized controlled trials

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Subjects all responded negatively before a given intervention is provided, but only some do so after receiving it, OR some subjects responded negatively before a given intervention is provided, but now none do after receiving it.

“All or none” studies

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One or more groups of similar subjects are followed over a period of time to see whether differences develop based on exposure to another variable.

Cohort studies

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Subjects for a study are selected based on having a particular condition; they are then retroactively studied to determine whether there were other common factors that predisposed them to that condition.

Case control studies

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Comparing a few individuals with similar individual presentations or outcomes.

Case series studies

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One patient’s history, condition, and outcomes are analyzed

Individual case studies

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Using an intervention because of past success using it or because of someone else’s recommendation.

Expert opinion/experience

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What is the difference between reliability and validity in research?

Reliability = how consistent something is
Validity = how accurate something is

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The probability that true score for a variable lies between a certain range of scores. Generally expected to be at 95% or more.

Confidence interval

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The likelihood that the results of the study could have occurred by chance (not because of a real difference in interventions).

Probability

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The amount by which scores vary from the mean.

Standard deviation

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The consistency of scores taken by one clinician taken at different times.

Intra-rater reliability

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The consistency of scores taken by one clinician taken at different times.

Intra-rater reliability

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A test’s ability to identify people who have a certain condition.

Sensitivity

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A test’s ability to identify people who do not have a certain condition

Specificity

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Evidence-based practice includes…

Research evidence
Clinical judgment
Patient Values

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Which type of evidence is the strongest?

Systematic Review

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Where would be the best source to go to find a consolidation of practice recommendations for a condition, based on current evidence and research available?

Clinical Practice Guideline

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What year did the first colleges admit PTA students?

1967

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Describe 2 major events that influenced the development of the profession of physical therapy?

The polio epidemic and WWI

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Who was the first president of the American Physical Therapy Association?

Mary McMillan

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Applies standards that assure continuous improvement with entry-level preparation of physical therapists and physical therapist assistants.

Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE)

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A body that represents PTA interests, needs and issues in APTA Governance

PTA Caucus

Highest policy making body of the APTA

House of Delegates

National conference for students in physical therapy.

National Student Conclave

Encourages and facilitates APTA member participation in the political process

Physical Therapy Political Action Committee (PT-PAC)

What is Vision 2020

A goal written in the year 2000 by APTA for the progression of physical therapy by the year 2020

What are the 6 elements of Vision 2020

- Autonomous Physical Therapist Practice - Direct Access - Doctor of Physical Therapy and Lifelong education - Evidence-based Practice - Practitioner of Choice - Professionalism

Summarize the APTA Vision Statement for Physical Therapy

Improving society's quality of life by increasing and perfecting movement

Ability of the public to directly access physical therapist's services

Direct Access

A document posted by the APTA describes the critical elements that comprise professionalism

Core Values

Further the profession's role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of movement dysfunctions and the enhancement of the physical health and functional abilities of the public.

APTA Mission

Regulates the practice of physical therapy in the state of Maryland

Maryland State Board of Physical Therapy (MSBPT)

The governing body for certification and recertification of clinical specialists

American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties (ABPTS)

Develops and administers the National Physical Therapy Examination

Federal of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT)

Principal membership organization that stands for and promotes the profession of physical therapy

American Physical Therapy Association (APTA)

List all forms of nonverbal communication

- Facial expressions and body language - Eye contact - Personal space and touch - Physical appearance of the provider - Attitude and focus

What are the 3 methods of active listening

- Restatement - Reflection - Clarification

Re-write the following statement using "people first" language: He is a quadriplegic.

The man has quadriplegia

Re-write the following statement using "people first" language: It is a fund-raiser for the mentally retarded.

It is a fundraiser for people with mental disabilities

Re-write the following statement using "people first" language: The blind man came in last

The man with visual impairments came in last

Re-write the following statement using "people first language: The developmentally disabled children

The children who have developmental disabilities

Re-write the following statement using "people first" language: Congenitally-dislocated hips (speaking of babies)

Babies with congenitally-dislocated hips

Re-write the following statement using "people first" language: Confined to a wheelchair

The person uses a wheelchair

Re-write the following statement using "people first" language: Stricken with Lou Gehrig's disease

The person has Lou Gehrig's disease

Re-write the following statement using "people first language: Cystic fibrosis kids

Kids with cystic fibrosis

What is the definition of a nosocomial infection?

An infection that originates in the hospital

Microorganisms move from place to place by various means in a cyclical manner. What are the 6 elements in the cycle of infection?

- Reservoir - Exit - Transmission - Entry - Susception - Infection

What is the best measure for preventing the spread of infection?

Hand washing

What is the meaning of Standard Precautions

A system of infection control that is taken with all patients regardless of their diagnosis or infection status

According to Pierson and Fairchild, what is the recommended length of time for hand washing?

40-60 seconds

When do you don (put on) protective garments when working with a patient in a hospital with transmission precautions?

Before entering their room

When do you doff (take off) your protective garments after working with a patient in the hospital with transmission precautions?

Before leaving their room

What color are the receptacles that are used to dispose infectious waste in a health care setting?

Red

According to Standard Precautions for contact transmission, what protocol is used for items that are removed from the patient's room?

Patient care items should remain in the room. If any item has to be removed, it must be disinfected and or placed in a bag labeled "biohazard".

What is the term to describe practices that render and keep objects and areas free of all microorganisms, preventing the spread of infection to a patient?

Surgical asepsis

What is the proper clothing application sequence for aseptic application?

- Gown - Mask - Glasses/goggles - Cap - Gloves

When is protective eyewear most important

During times when blood splashes or sprays of other bodily fluids is likely

What are the most common modes of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms?

- Contact - Droplet - Airborne

In applying an alcohol-based hand rub, what is the appropriate step to take after rubbing the product briskly over all surfaces of the hands?

Continuing to rub until the hands are dry

What is the absence of disease-producing microorganisms?

Asepsis

Which areas of the side-lying patient are at greatest risk for pressure sores?

- Lateral ears - Lateral ribs - Greater trochanters - Humeral epicondyles

Which area of pillow placement is most likely to contribute to a contracture of the hamstring muscles in prone positioning?

Anterior to the ankles

Which areas of a prone patient are at greatest risk for pressure sores?

- Acromion processes - Forehead - Crests of the tibias - Dorsum of the feet

In general, how frequently should a dependent patient's position be changed?

At least every 2 hours

Which areas are especially prone to pressure sores in a patient who is wheelchair dependant?

- Ischial tuberosities | - Olecranon Processes

What is the possible effect of the placement of a small bolster behind the knees of a supine patient?

Iliopsoas and hamstring contracture

Which areas of a supine patient are at greatest risk for pressure sores?

- Occipital tuberosity - Spines of the scapula - Sacrum - Heels

A muscle contraction that develops tension but does not perform any mechanical work; no appreciable joint motion occurs, and the overall length of the muscle remains constant.

Isometric Contraction

A muscle contraction whereby tension is developed and movement of a joint or body part occurs; and eccentric or concentric contraction can occur, and the muscle may lengthen or shorten

Isotonic Contraction

An overall shortening of a muscle as it develops tension and contracts.

Concentric Contraction

An overall lengthening of a muscle as it develops tension and contracts to control motion performed by an outside force

Eccentric Contraction

Exercise performed by a person with manual or mechanical assistance

Active assistive exercise

Exercise performed by a person without any manual or mechanical assistance

Active exercise

The movement of a joint or body segment by a force external to the body within an unrestricted and normal ROM without active, voluntary muscle contraction by the patient

Passive Range of Motion

Trunk rotation occurs in which of the following planes of motion?

Transverse plane

Shoulder flexion occurs in which plane of motion?

Sagittal plane

Hip abduction occurs in which plane of motion?

Frontal plane

What position could you put a patient in in order for them to flex the shoulder with gravity eliminated?

Side-lying

Which position could you put the patient in to extend the hip against gravity

Prone

What position is gravity-eliminated for shoulder abduction.

Supine

What position could you put the patient in to perform right hip adduction with gravity eliminated?

Supine

Which type of muscle contraction describes a controlled and consistent speed of contraction?

Isokinetic

Which cardinal plane divides the body into right and left components?

Sagittal

Which type of contraction involves no voluntary contraction of muscle and, therefore, will not help prevent muscle atrophy?

Passive Range of Motion

Arthr/o is an example of a:

combining form

In the word therm/o/meter, -meter is a/an:

suffix

Oste/o/chondr/itis is an example of a :

compound word

A combining form is a word root plus:

A vowel

What combining form means joint?

Arthr/o

An element located at the beginning of a medical word is a:

Prefix

True or False: All medical words have a prefix.

False

True or False: A word root plus o creates a combining form.

True

True or False: the word "Systole" in pronounced as a separate syllable.

True

Pertaining to the tail or the hind part

Caudad

Pertaining to the front of the body

Ventral/Anterior

Pertaining to the back of the body

Posterior

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure

Proximal

Pertaining to the side; toward the side

Lateral

Pertaining to the middle; toward the midline

Medial

Below or lower; toward the tail

Inferior

Relating to the spine

Spinal

Physician who studies tissue

Histologist

Middle region located in the area of the umbilicus, or navel

Umbilical

Term for when the body is erect, and the eyes are looking forward

Anatomical Position

The combining form thorac/o means

Pertaining to the chest

The body cavity that contains the lungs is the

Thoracic

The combining form cyt/o means;

cell

Leuk/o is the combining form for:

White

The combining form for yellow is:

Jaund/o

The frontal (or coronal) plane divides the body into:

2 dorsal cavities and 2 ventral cavities

The prefix ad- means

Toward

The combining form for farthest is:

dist/o

What age range is the "Trust vs Mistrust" stage of life

0-12 mnths

What age range is the "Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt" stage of life

2-4

What age range is the "Initiative vs Guilt" stage of life

4-5

What age range is the "Industry vs Inferiority" stage of life

6-11

What age range is the "Identity vs Identity Diffusion" stage of life

12-18

When is the "Intamacy vs Isolation" stage of life

The first phase of adulthood

When is the "Generativity vs Stagnation" stage of life

The second phase of adulthood

When is the "Integrity vs Despair" stage of life

The last phase of life