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Pathopharm Exam 3 > Module 9 Part 3 (45-66) > Flashcards

Module 9 Part 3 (45-66) Flashcards

1
Q

Localized edema involves deep, subcutaneous layers of skin or mucous membranes

A

Angioedema

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2
Q

Hereditary angioneurotic edema
vs.
other forms of angioedema

A

Hereditary angioneurotic edema:
* deficient plasma protein C-1 inhibitor
* does not respond to normal therapy
* can be fatal if not properly diagnosed & treated

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3
Q

Causes facial swelling around the eyes and lips first and may progress to airway swelling

A

Angioedema

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4
Q

Is usually secondary to an allergic response

A

Angioedema

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5
Q

TX for angioedema

A
  • subQ epinephrine
  • antihistamines
  • corticosteroids
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6
Q

congenital disorder resulting from abnormally soft laryngeal cartilages

A

Laryngomalacia

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7
Q

What are the clinical manifestations and treatment of Laryngomalacia?

A
  • inspiratory stridor in the first days or weeks of life, accentuated with activity.
  • often resolves spontaneously
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8
Q

who is most affected by Laryngomalacia?

A

Boys

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9
Q

Tracheomalacia clinical manifestations

A

Inspiratory stridor, beginning in the first days or weeks of life
accentuated with activity

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10
Q

Flaccid tracheobronchial cartilages that tend to collapse during the expiratory cycle, causing stridor

A

Tracheomalacia or Tracheobronchomalacia

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11
Q

Clinical manifestations Tracheomalacia

A

Life-threatening conditions to chronic cough and wheezes (mid-to-distal trachea); stridor (upper trachea)

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12
Q

Tracheomalacia/Tracheobronchomalacia Treatment

A

Surgery

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13
Q

What are the symptoms for Vocal Cord Paralysis?

A

dysphonia, glottic incompetence, GERD, and stridor.

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14
Q

treatments for Vocal Cord Paralysis

A
  • corticosteroids
  • proton pump inhibitors
  • speech therapy
  • severe: intubation or tracheostomy
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15
Q

clinical manifestations for Subglottic Stenosis

A

subglottic diameter:
<4 mm full-term infants
< 3 mm premature infants

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16
Q

risk factors for Subglottic Stenosis

A
  • long-term assisted ventilation
  • ETT too large
  • ETT excessive movement
  • individual susceptibility
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17
Q

TX for Subglottic Stenosis

A
  • Can spontaneously resolve
  • serial balloon dilation
  • Severe: Laryngotracheal reconstruction with cricotracheal resection and thyrotracheal anastomosis
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18
Q

What is Choanal Atresia

A

a congenital condition where there is a lack of patency of the nasal cavity in the nasopharynx.

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19
Q

why is Coanal Atresia life-threatening in newborns?

A

they are obligate nasal breathers

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20
Q

Is the failure of the larynx to recanalize during embryogenesis

A

Laryngeal atresias and webs

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21
Q

a rare malformation characterized by inspiratory and expiratory stridor within the first few weeks of birth

A

Tracheal stenosis

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22
Q

What causes Obstructive Sleep Apnea in children

A
  • partial/complete upper airway obstruction during sleep
  • #1 cause: adenotonsillar hypertrophy
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23
Q

consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in children

A

Untreated, it can lead to heart, lung, and behavioral problems.

24
Q

Clinical manifestations of OSA (3)

A

Snoring and labored breathing
Restlessness
Sweating during sleep

25
Q

Linked to SIDS

A

OSA

26
Q

OSA TX

A

Tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

27
Q

Disorders of the Lower Airways (3)

A

RDS of the newborn
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Infections

28
Q

Is also called HMD (Hyaline membrane disease)

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn

29
Q

treatment options for Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

A
  • oxygen
  • mechanical ventilation
  • surfactant
  • inositol
  • glucocorticoid to mom if preterm labor
30
Q

Is primarily a disease of preterm infants

A

RDS of the newborns

31
Q

Immature lung has not yet developed adequate surfactant production and secretion

A

RDS of the newborn

32
Q

More common in elective C-section due to decreased labor-associated catecholamine and steroid surge triggering surfactant release

A

RDS of the newborn

33
Q

RDS of the newborn causes widespread atelectasis and hypoventilation which results in (3)

A

shunting, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia

34
Q

Clinical manifestations of RDS (5)

A

Tachypnea, expiratory grunting, intercostal and subcostal retractions, nasal flaring, dusky skin

35
Q

RDS of the newborn TX (5)

A

Oxygen
Mechanical ventilation
Surfactant administration
Inositol administration
Glucocorticoid administration to women in preterm labor

36
Q

What is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A

a chronic disease resulting from acute respiratory disease in the neonatal period, characterized by poor alveolar development

37
Q

Clinical manifestations of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (6)

A

hypoxemia, hypercapnia, elevated work of breathing, bronchospasm, mucus plugging, and pulmonary hypertension

38
Q

TX of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (7)

A
  • Mechanical ventilation, nasal CPAP, O2
  • Diuretics: for pulmonary edema
  • Bronchodilators: reduce airway resistance
  • Inhaled corticosteroids: faster extubation; shorter mechanical ventilation
  • Caffeine citrate: prevent apnea; neuroprotection
  • Vitamin A: antioxidant; stimulate lung growth & surfactant
  • Nutrition, fluids, electrolytes
39
Q

Infections in the bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, interstitium, pleura

A

Respiratory Infections

40
Q

What is Bronchiolitis and which pathogen is most commonly associated with it?

A

common viral-induced lower respiratory tract infection of the small airways in children under 2

most commonly d/t RSV

41
Q

causes of resp infections? in infants and young children? Environmental factors?

A

Related to age, seasonal variables, and environmental exposures
Infants and young children: More viral infections
Environmental factors: Presence of siblings, daycare exposure

42
Q

types of pneumonia (3)

A

Bacterial pneumonia
Viral pneumonia
Atypical pneumonia

43
Q

What distinguishes bacterial pneumonia from viral pneumonia in children?

A

bacterial PNA = Streptococcal & Staphylococcal

  • severity
  • degree of elevated temperature,
  • absolute neutrophil counts
  • percent of bands
    …are consistently higher than viral
44
Q

types of resp infections (6)

A

Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonitis
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Asthma
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

45
Q

linked to an increased risk for asthma later in childhood

A

Bronchiolitis

46
Q

Causes edema, inflammation, and necrosis of bronchial epithelium and destruction of ciliated epithelial cells

A

Bronchiolitis

47
Q

Fibrin forms plugs in the bronchioles

A

Bronchiolitis

48
Q

Bronchiolitis Clinical manifestations

A

Usually in the winter and early spring
Significant rhinorrhea, followed by a tight cough over the next several days
Systemic signs of decreased appetite, lethargy, and fever

49
Q

Bronchiolitis TX (5)

A

Most are managed at home
Severe: Oxygen and increased hydration
Inhaled hypertonic saline: Decreases clinical severity and length of hospital stay
Inhaled bronchodilators or steroids
Mechanical ventilation

50
Q

Bronchiolitis prevention

A

RSV-specific monoclonal antibody (Palivizumab - Synagis™)
Monthly injection through the RSV season for high-risk infants under 2 yrs who meet specific criteria
May not be very effective in newborns d/t incomplete immune system function

51
Q

Infection and inflammation in the terminal airways and alveoli

A

pneumonia

52
Q

One of the most common global infxns in pediatric age group and leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants

A

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

53
Q

what resp infection is 2 to 3 times more likely in children than in adults

A

Viral Pneumonia

54
Q

most common cause of viral PNA

A

RSV

55
Q

How do you catch viral PNA

A

Acquired by direct contact, droplet transmission, or aerosol

55
Q

PNA prevention

A

Influenza and pneumococcus vaccine

55
Q

TX for PNA

A

Outpatient basis
Oxygen, hydration, nutrition, and supportive pulmonary therapy
Pneumococcal

Pathopharm Exam 3 (18 decks)

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