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Pathopharm Exam 3 > Module 6: Part 1 > Flashcards

Module 6: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A traumatic insult to the brain can possibly produce (5)

A

physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes

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2
Q

Who is at risk for a TBI? (6)

A

Infants 6 months to 2 years
School-age children
Adolescents and young adults 15 to 35 years of age
People more than 70 years of age
Men 1.5 times as likely to sustain a TBI
Persons living in high-crime areas
+

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3
Q

what constitutes a blunt trauma

A

Head strikes hard surface or a rapidly moving object strikes the head

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4
Q

what happens to the dura and brain tissues during blunt trauma

A

The dura remains intact; brain tissues not exposed to the environment

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5
Q

which kind of brain trauma causes focal or diffuse brain injuries

A

blunt trauma

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6
Q

which brain trauma is characterized as penetrating or missle trauma

A

open trauma

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7
Q

what happens to the brain and surrounding tissue during an open trauma?

A

Injury breaks the dura and exposes the cranial contents to the environment

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8
Q

what kind of brain trauma causes primarily focal injuries

A

open/penetrating/missile trauma

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9
Q

compound fractures are also called

A

severe force trauma, blunt, missile

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10
Q

basilar skull fracture is (more/less) common than compound fracture

A

less common

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11
Q

what kind of skull fracture involves fracture of lower bones of skull (occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid)

A

basilar skull fracture

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12
Q

basilar skull fracture may affect which 2 senses

A

hearing, vision

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13
Q

causes of brain injury (6)

A

Falls 28%
Motor vehicle crashes 20%
Moving objects or moving against stationary objects 19%
Assault 11%
Sports-related events
Blasts (military active duty personnel)

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14
Q

what % of head injuries are NOT severe?

A

75-90%

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15
Q

each of these account for 1/2 of all injuries

A

Focal brain injury and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) each account for half of all injuries

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16
Q

____________ accounts for more than two thirds of head injury deaths

A

Focal brain injury

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17
Q

diffuse axonal injury acronym is DAI *

A
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18
Q

DA is ____________ of deaths

A

less than 1/3

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19
Q

which kind of brain injury accounts for the greatest number of severely disabled survivors

A

DAI

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20
Q

hallmark of severe brain injury

A

loss of consciousness for 6+ hours

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21
Q

coup injury

A

injury directly below the point of impact

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22
Q

contrecoup injury

A

Injury on the pole opposite the site of impact

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

focal brain injury has a (observable/non observable) brain lesion

A

observable

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25
Q

cerebral edema is seen with

A

focal brain injury

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26
Q

in a focal brain injury, the force of impact typically produces

A

contusions

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27
Q

contusions (bruises) can cause (3)

A

Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage or hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Intracerebral hematoma

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28
Q

clinical manifestations of contusion may include (4)

A

Short-term loss of consciousness
Loss of reflexes
Short-term cessation of respiration
Short-term bradycardia

29
Q

____________ % have a skull fracture with extradural hematoma

A

90%

30
Q

____________ % have meningeal vein or dural sinus injury with extradural hematoma

A

15

31
Q

____________% have arterial bleeding with extradural hematoma

A

85%

32
Q

the ____________ is the most common site of extradural hematoma caused by injury to the middle meningeal artery or vein

A

temporal fossa

33
Q

clinical manifestations of hematoma (5)

A

Headaches, N&V, drowsiness, seizures, unconsciousness

34
Q

a subdural hematoma occurs in ____________ of persons with TBIs

A

10-20%

35
Q

MVC are the most common cause of

A

subdural hematomas

36
Q

____________ % of subdural hematomas are assoc. with skull fracture

A

50%

37
Q

when does an acute subdural hematoma develop

A

within 48 hours

38
Q

where is an acute subdural hematoma often located?

A

at the top of the skull

39
Q

chronic subdural hematoma development

A

over weeks to months

40
Q

what are factors associated with chronic subdural hematomas

A

Older adults
Alcohol abuse
80% complain of chronic headaches and have tenderness at site of injury

41
Q

intracerebral hemorrhages are associated with (2)

A

MVA and falls

42
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage and resultant hematoma act as

A

an expanding mass (↑ ICP) and compression of brain tissues with resultant edema

43
Q

axonal damage is characterized by ____________, ____________, ____________ of nerve fibers

A

Shearing, tearing, or stretching of nerve fibers

44
Q

DAI severity corresponds to the amount of

A

shearing force applied to the brain and brainstem (mild, moderate, severe)

45
Q

concussion are usually (more/less) severe brain trauma

A

less

46
Q

concussions are caused by

A

Stretching of axonal fibers or other axonal disturbance

47
Q

mild concussion s/s

A

Temporary confusion and amnesia

48
Q

classical concussion symptoms (2)

A

Loss of consciousness (up to 6 hours)
Amnesia (Anterograde and Retrograde)

49
Q

does a classical concussion include a true focal injury

A

may or may not (LOL)

50
Q

grade I concussion

A

mild

confusion, disorientation, and momentary amnesia

51
Q

grade III concussion

A

mild

confusion with retrograde and anterograde amnesia

52
Q

grade II concussion

A

mild

momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia

53
Q

concussion grade characterized by physiologic and neurologic dysfunction without substantial anatomic disruption

A

grade IV

53
Q

concussion characterized by
“disconnection” of cerebral systems from the brainstem and reticular activating system”

A

grade IV

54
Q

grade IV concussion LOC

A

loss of consciousness greater than 6 hours

55
Q

anterograde and retrograde amnesia are associated with

A

grade IV concussion

56
Q

uncomplicated grade IV concussion is characterized by

A

no focal injury

57
Q

complicated grade IV concussion is characterized by

A

focal injury

58
Q

post-concussion syndrome symptoms (6)

A

Headache, cognitive impairments, psychologic and somatic complaints, cranial nerve signs and symptoms

59
Q

treatment of post-concussion syndrome

A

Reassurance and symptomatic relief

Close observation for 24 hours by a reliable individual so immediate intervention can be obtained if delayed effects become severe

60
Q

spinal cord trauma commonly occurs from

A

vertebral injuries

61
Q

Traumatic injury of vertebral and neural tissues may be due to

A

compressing, pulling, or shearing forces

62
Q

most common locations of vertebral injuries

A

cervical (1, 2, 4-7), and T1-L2 lumbar vertebrae

63
Q

spinal shock

A

Normal activity of the spinal cord ceases at and below the level of injury; sites lack continuous nervous discharges from the brain

64
Q

complete loss of reflex function from spinal cord trauma may cause

A

skeletal, bladder, bowel, sexual; thermal control; autonomic control

65
Q

neurogenic shock is seen in

A

cervical or upper thoracic cord injury

66
Q

loss of sympathetic flow from neurogenic shock may cause (4)

A

Vasodilation
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Hypothermia

67
Q

Autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) definition

A

Massive, uncompensated cardiovascular response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

Pathopharm Exam 3 (18 decks)

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