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Pharmacology Midterm 2 > Module 9 - Neuodegenerative and Seizure Disorder > Flashcards

Module 9 - Neuodegenerative and Seizure Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease (PD)?

A
  • Degenerative disorder of the CNS caused by death of neurons that produce dopamin
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2
Q

Symptoms of PD?

A
  • Tremors
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Slow movements
  • Poor fine motor skills
  • Difficulty walking
  • Imbalance
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3
Q

Medications - PD - Types

A
  • Dopamine Agonist

- Anticholinergic

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4
Q

Dopaminergics - Types

A

1) Levodopa (dopamine synthesis)
2) Entacapone (inhibit enzymes that normally destroy dopamin)
3) Pramipexole (dopamine agonist which activate dopamine receptors)

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5
Q

Dopaminergics - Actions and Use

A
  • Increase effects of Dopamine
  • Increase neuro-transmission of Dopamine
    Treatment: Parkinson Disease
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6
Q

Dopminergics - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Uncontrolled involuntary movements
  • Muscle twitching
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Spasmodic winking
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7
Q

Dopaminergics - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Asses muscle twitching
  • Mood changes may indicate toxicity
  • Assess urine - dark colour is normal
  • Assess over several months for therapeutic effect
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8
Q

Anticholinergic’s - Actions and Uses

A
  • Decreases activity of acetylcholine
  • Sympathetic response
  • Controls tremors and ease dystonia
  • Reduce rigidity and tremors
    Medication: benztropine
    Treatment: Parkinson’s Disease
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9
Q

Anticholinergic’s - Benztropine - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
  • Confusion
  • Blurred vision
  • Dry mouth
  • Increase HR
  • Increase BP
  • Urinary retention
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10
Q

Anticholinergic’s - Nursing Considerations

A
  • V/S (HR, BP)
  • Encourage fluid intake for dry mouth/urinary retention
  • Assess LOC
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11
Q

Anticholinergic’s - Benztropine - Precautions

A
  • Do not drive/operate machinery on medication

- Signs/Symptoms of PD can be intensified

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12
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  • Common form of dementia

- Causes problems with memory, thinking and behaviour

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13
Q

Medication - Alzheimer’s - Type

A

1) Acetycholinesterase (AChE)/Cholinesterase inhibitors

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14
Q

Acetycholinesterase Inhibitors - Action and uses

A
  • Increases cognitive function in clients with mild-moderate AD
  • Does not cure AD, just slows down progression
  • Allows more ACh in neuron receptors
  • Allows body to “rest & relax”
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15
Q

Acetycholinesterase Inhibitors - Medication types

A
  • tacrine (Cognex)

- donepezil (Aricept)

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16
Q

Acetycholinesterase Inhibitors - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Decreased appetite
  • Nervousness
  • Diarrhea
  • Arrhythmia’s
  • Headaches
  • Urinary frequency
  • Dyspnea
  • Abdominal cramps
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17
Q

Acetycholinesterase Inhibitors - Nursing considerations

A
  • Monitor LFT’s - can cause hepatic impairment
  • V/S (HR)
  • Intake/output - Prevent constipation
  • Record any severe weight loss
  • Record signs of overdose (Bradycardia, convulsions)
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18
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A
  • CNS demyelination
  • Degenerative disease with no cure
  • Causes weakness, mild effective disturbances and difficulty with bladder control
  • Cognitive impairment is common
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19
Q

Medications - MS - Types

A

Centrally - acting muscle relaxants

Medication: baclofen

20
Q

Centrally-acting muscle relaxants - Baclofen - Actions and uses

A
  • Cause CNS depression
  • Used to relieve painful muscle spasms
  • Spinal cord lesions/trauma
21
Q

Centrally-acting muscle relaxants - Side/Adverse effects

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Sedation
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Severe weakness
22
Q

Centrally-acting muscle relaxants - Nursing Consideration

A
  • Assess muscle weakness
  • Assess LOC
  • Asses urinary intake/output
23
Q

What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A
  • Progressive NS disease affecting the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
  • “Lou Gerhig’s” disease
  • Loss of upper and motor functions
  • Cognitive ability is not affected
24
Q

Medications - ALS - Types

A

Riluzole - treats symptoms and slows progression, does not cure

25
Q

ALS - Riluzole - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Take the medication mouth on an empty stomach ( 1-2 hours before/after a meal)
26
Q

What is a seizure?

A
  • Spontaneous and excessive discharge of neurons in the brain
  • Affects consciousness, motor activity and sensation
27
Q

Medication - Seizures - Types

A

Anticonvulsant

28
Q

Anticonvulsant - Actions and uses

A
  • Increases action of GABA
  • Delay’s an influx of sodium ions
  • Delay’s an influx of calcium ions
  • Depresses neuronal discharges in the CNS
  • Decreases cessation of seizures without excessive sedation
29
Q

Anticonvulsant - Medication Types

A

1) Barbiturates
2) GABA agents
3) Benzodiazepines
4) Hydantoins and Phenytoin-like drugs

30
Q

Anticonvulsant - Barbiturates - Actions and Uses

A
  • Enhances inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA - depresses CNS
  • Controlled substance!
  • Can take several weeks to achieve anti-seizure activity
31
Q

Barbiturates - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Sedation
  • Confusion
32
Q

Barbiturates - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Assess respiratory system
  • Assess LOC
  • EKG
33
Q

Anticonvulsant - GABA Agent - Actions and Uses

A
  • Seizure control and prevention

- gabapentin (Neurontin)

34
Q

GABA Agent - gabapentin -Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Blurred vision
  • Depression
  • Loss of coordination
35
Q

GABA - gabapentin - Precautions

A
  • Do not operate machinery/drive on this medication
36
Q

GABA - gabapentin - Nursing considerations

A
  • Assess mood/LOC
  • V/S (RR)
  • Oral route medication
  • Ensure medication is taken regularly
37
Q

ALS - Riluzole - Side/Adverse Effects

A
  • Dizziness
  • Lightheartedness
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Stomach pain
38
Q

Benzodiazepines - Actions and Uses

A
  • Enhances inhibitory neurotransmitter depresses CNS
  • Manages acute small seizures
  • Can also be used to sleep disorder, epilepsy, anxiety
    Medication: diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam
39
Q

Benzodiazepines - Adverse/Side Effects

A
  • Sedation
  • Respiratory depression
  • Drowsiness
  • Blurred vision
  • Muscle weakness
  • Mental/mood changes
40
Q

Benzodiazepines - Nursing Considerations

A
  • Assess mood/mental health
  • V/S (RR)
  • Assess LOC
  • Assess for muscle weakness
41
Q

Hydantoins/Phentyoin-like drugs - Actions and uses

A
  • Suppress Na+ influx by closing channels

Medication: phenytoin

42
Q

Phenytoin - Action and Uses

A

Treatment of seizures

Medication: Dilantin

43
Q

Phenytoin - Side/Adverse effects

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Dizziness
  • Lethargy
  • Dyssrhythmias
  • Hypotension
44
Q

Phenytoin - Nursing Considerations

A
  • V/S (BP, HR)
  • Assess RR
  • Monitor change in mood
  • Assess LOC
45
Q

Minimize symptoms of Neuromuscular disease

A
  • Rehabilitation
  • Follow up with health professionals
  • Healthy diet
  • Exercise
  • No Smoking
  • Counselling/Therapy

Pharmacology Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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