Module 9 Fluid, Electrolyte,and Acid Base Balance Flashcards
what are the two largest constituents of the body fluids?
water and electrolytes
the four(4) main functions of water in the body are?
- to act as a vehicle for the transportation of substances to and from the cells.
- to aid heat regulation by providing perspiration, which evaporates.
- to assist in mainenance of H balance in the body
- to serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion
more than ____ of the body’s weight is water.
half.
the greater amount of fat in the body would increase or decrease the amount of water volume in the body?
it would decrease because fat contains less fat then other tissues.
body water continuously moves where in the body?
in and out of the blood, through the lymph vessels, between the cells, and in and out of the cells.
electrolytes
are minerals or salts that are dissolved in body fluid
how are electrolytes measured?
mEq/L
the difference between ions, cations, and anions.
ions are the particles that have a tiny electrical charge, cations are the positive charge; anions are the negative charge.
the major source of electrolytes is from where?
the diet you consume.
Normal range of Sodium (Na)
135-145 mEq/L
normal range of Potassium (K)
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
normal range of Calcium (Ca)
8.4-10.6 mg/dl
normal range of Magnesium (Mg)
1.3-2.1 mg/dl
Phosphate (PO4)
2.7-4.5 mg/dL
Chloride (CL )
96-106 mEq/L
Bicarbonate(HCO3)
22-26 mEq/L
nonelectrolytes
the intermediate products of metabolism– amino acids (protiens), glucose, and fatty acids are all nonelectrolytes. They remain bound together when dissolved in body fluid.
Blood
the body has 4 to 6 L of circulating blood volume. Erthrocytes, Leukocytes, platelets, are the blood cells that are carried in plasma.
intracellular
2/3 of total body fluid. within the cell high in potassium content
extracellular
1/3 of total body water outside of the cell.. transports water, nutrients, oxygen to and from the cells. High in sodium content. regulated by renal, metabolic, and neurologic factors.
ECF has three types:
intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular
dehydration(quick def)
removal of water from a tissue
hypovolemia (quick def)
decreased volume of plasma
intravascular fluid
fluid within blood vessels; consists of plasma and fluid with cells, large amounts of protein and electrolytes
interstitial fluid
fluid in spaces surrounding the cells, high in sodium content
transcellular fluid
saliva, aqueous humor, pleural, synovial, gastro, unirnary, peritoneal fluids
the main organ through which fluid excretion is achieved?
the kidneys
what hormones can affect urine output
ADH, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)
what happens when ADH increases?
the renal tubules reabsorb more water, and urine output decreases.
more ADH is released how?
when the blood becomes more concentrated, circulating blood volume is decreased, or the person is expierencing pain, nausea, or stress
aldosterone is released by what?
by the adrenal cortex when ECF volume is low or when sodium concentration is elevated, causing reabsorbtion of sodium from kidney tubules.
ANP does what
acts to protect the body from fluid overload and is released from sites in the myocardium and the brain.
diffusion
is the process by which substances move back and forth across the membrane until they are evenly distributed throughout the available space. think of COFFEE and CREAM
osmosis
refers to the movement of pure liquid across a membrane. H2O is diffused from osmosis.
isotonic
solution of equal solute concentration
hypertonic
greater concentration
hypotonic
of less concentration
filtration
is the movement of water and suspended substances outward through a semiermable membrane
hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by fluid; the force promotes filtration, forcing movement of water and electrolytes through the capillary wall to the interstitial fluid.
active transport
requires cellular energy, this force can move molecules into cells regardless of their electrical charge or the concentrations already in the cell. may be able to move a substance from high to low concentration
what is the energy source for active transport
ATP
signs and symptoms of dehydration
dizzy, confusion, cool dry skin, dark urine, decreased BP, UO, dry lips, thirst, weak,
it is important to remember that water follows what?
sodium in the body, the sodium concentration causes an osmotic pull, and water goes to where that concentration is highest.
those at risk for deficient fluid volume are whome?
patients unable to take in quanities of fluid, patients who lose excessive amounts of fluid through vomitting or diarrhea.
treatments that can cause dehydradtion are?
diuretic therapy and gastrointestinal suction without fluid replacement.
where do you check for skin tugor?
over the abdomen, forarm, sternum, forhead, or thigh
in the infant what is a big sign of dehydration
sunked eyeballs, and dpression of the anterior fontanel
how can you have too much fluid?
if they reiceve fluid to quickly, are given tap water enemas, or are persuaded to drink more fluids than they can elimante
sings of overhydration
weight gain, crackles in the lungs, slow bounding pulse, elevated blood pressure, and possibly edema
what else can occur with overhydration
hypervolemia
hypevolemia
excessive blood volume
in the bedridden patients the fluid accumlates in what region
the sacral region ( dependent edema)
where is edema most visible
hands and the face
causes of edema
- kidney failure 2. heart failure. 3. live failure. 4. hormonal disorders involving the overproduction of aldosterone and ADH
local edema may be caused by what?
infection or injury and the resulting inflammation
