Module 9 Electrolyte Imbalances

Question 1

Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia are refered to what?

Answer 1

sodium levels

Question 2

signs of hyponatremia

Answer 2

they will usually be dehydrated due to sodium and water work together. With more severe you experience mental status changes, confusion, personality changes, weakness, nausea, vomiting.. very serious in elderly patients

Question 3

signs of hypernatremia

Answer 3

thirst is usually the first to appear, mental status changes, seizures may also occur, muscle twitches will come above first, then muscle weakness.

Question 4

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

Answer 4

potassium balances. most common electrolyte in the ICF compartment. it is especially important for caridac muscle, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle function. never given by IV push

Question 5

signs of hypokalemia

Answer 5

muscle cramping, muscle fatigue. vital sings change, shallow ineffective breathing, pulse is typically weak, irregular, and thready. A major danger is irregular heartbeat which can cause cardiac arrest

Question 6

signs of hyperkalemia

Answer 6

muscle twitches and cramps, later followed by profound muscular weakness, increased GI motility, slow heart rate, and decreased blood pressure.

Question 7

hypo and hyper calcemia

Answer 7

calcium. a mineral that is primarily stored in bones and teeth. a small amount found in ECF. it is needed for the proper function of excitable tissues, especially cardiac muscles.

Question 8

signs of hypocalcemia

Answer 8

Chronic is usually not diagnosed untill the patient breaks a bone, usually a hip. Acute hypo: irregular heart rate, mental status changes, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and increased GI motility.

Question 9

two test that you can use to test for hypocalcemia

Answer 9

trousseaus and chvostek’s sign

Question 10

hypercalcemia signs of

Answer 10

mild: may have no obvious sings and symptoms. acute: increased heart rate and blood pressure, skeletal muscle weakness, and decreased GI motility —> may get urinary calculi(stones)

Question 11

if hypercalcemia is so severe that cardiac problems are present what may be necessary

Answer 11

hemodiaysis, peritoneal dialysis, ultrafiltration

Question 12

magnesium works with what mineral

Answer 12

calcium, so if there is in imbalance of mag there is usally one in calcium

Question 13

hypomag

Answer 13

patients with sever diarrhea, or Crohn’s disease are unable to absorb the mag

Question 14

major cause of hypomag

Answer 14

alcoholism, which causes both a decreased intake and an an increased renal excertion of mag

Question 15

magnesium sulfate is given how

Answer 15

IV; and placed on cardiac monitor

Question 16

major cause of hypermag

Answer 16

is increased intake coupled with decreased renal excertion caused by real failure

Question 17

signs of hypermag

Answer 17

usually not present untill above 4 bradycardia, hypotension, drowisness, weakness

Question 18

what is an acid

Answer 18

a substance that releases a hydrogen ion, a common acid is HCl

Question 19

what is a base

Answer 19

a substance that binds hydrogen, like HCO3,

Question 20

what is another for base

Answer 20

alkali

Question 21

acids are formed as end products of what?

Answer 21

glucose, fat, and protein metabloism. they are called fixed acids, because they do not change once they are formed.

Question 22

ph scale

Answer 22

0-14 0-6.99 being acid and 7.01-14 being base.

Question 23

what is the normal ph level

Answer 23

7.35-7.45

Question 24

what threee mechanisms are used during control of acid-base balance.

Answer 24

cellular buffer, the lungs, and the kidneys

Question 25

cellular buffers act as

Answer 25

a type of sponge to soak up extra hyrdogen ions if there are too many or release hydrogen ions if there are too many

Question 26

the lungs

Answer 26

when the blood is to acidic the lungs blow off add. CO2 through rapid deep breathing. if the blood is to alkaline the lungs try to conserve Co2 through shallow resp.

Question 27

the kindeys response

Answer 27

may take 24-48 hours. they regulate the amount of base that is kept in the body. if the pH lowers the kidneys will reabsorb add. HCO3

Question 28

ABG’s

Answer 28

arterial blood gases. the blood sample that is analyzed must be from an artery rather than a vein

Question 29

acidosis

Answer 29

blood becomes too acidic or to alkaline

Question 30

respitory acidosis

Answer 30

resp. problems. CO2 is not adequately blown off during expiration, causing a build up of CO2 in the blood

Question 31

metabolic acidosis

Answer 31

results from too much acid in the body, or too little HCO3 in the body. uncontrolled diabetes and renal failure are too common causes

Question 32

respitory alkalosis

Answer 32

occurse when there is excessive loss of CO2 through hyperventillation. use paper bag

Question 33

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 33

results from excessive ingestion of HCO3 or other bases into the body or loss of acids from the body. overuse of antacids or baking soda causes this.