Module 9 - Classical Conditioning

Question 0

In classical conditioning, a second stimulus that elicits an unlearned (unconditioned) response, such as salivation, is called _______.

Answer 0

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 1

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that has two characteristics: causes a reaction but does not elicit an unconditioned response is called ________.

Answer 1

Neutral stimulus

Question 2

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus elicits an unlearned, involuntary reflex, such as salivation, called the _________.

Answer 2

Unconditioned response

Question 3

A typical trial in classical conditioning involves first presenting the _______ and then, a short time later, presenting the ______.

Answer 3

Neutral stimulus

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

After a dozen trials, we paired the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus. Now, because the neutral stimulus elicits a response, it is called the ________. The salivation elicited by the tone itself is called the __________.

Answer 4

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Question 5

In classical conditioning, the tendency for a similar stimulus to elicit a response from the original is called ________.

Answer 5

Generalization

Question 6

In classical conditioning, learning a particular response to some stimuli and not others is a phenomenon called ________.

Answer 6

Discrimination

Question 7

If the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus and no longer elicits response, this is called ________.

Answer 7

Extinction

Question 8

The learning in which cues (smell, taste, etc) of a particular stimulus are associated with unpleasant response, such as vomiting, is called _________. This can occur even after only a single _____.

Answer 8

Taste-aversion learning

Trial

Question 9

If an extinct conditioned response reappears some time later for no apparent reason, it is called ________.

Answer 9

Spontaneous recovery

Question 10

According to Pavlov, classical conditioning is because of _______.

Answer 10

Stimulus substitution

Question 11

Later, many researchers including Robert Rescorla said stimulus substitution was incorrect, and that conditioning occurs neutral stimulus now predicts unconditioned stimulus. This perspective is called the ___________.

Answer 11

Cognitive perspective

Question 12

Currently, the most widely accepted explanation of classical conditioning is the ____________.

Answer 12

Cognitive perspective

Question 13

Thorndike formulated a principal of learning called _________, which states if certain actions are followed by a pleasurable reward, actions are strengthened.

Answer 13

Law of effect

Question 14

If we feel fear or anxiety in the presence of some stimulus that precedes a painful or aversive event, we are experiencing a _______________.

Answer 14

Conditioned emotional response

Question 15

Animals and humans are biologically prepared to associate certain combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others, which is called _________.

Answer 15

Preparedness

Question 16

Classical conditioning of the eye blink reflex, which is a motor response, requires a brain structure called the _________.

Answer 16

Cerebellum

Question 17

Acquiring a classically conditioned emotional response, especially involving fear, involves a different brain structure called the ______.

Answer 17

Amygdala

Question 18

The ____________ says classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired close together in time.

Answer 18

Contiguity theory

Question 19

In racial prejudice, negative emotional reactions, such as fear and anxiety, become _______ by individuals of another race who should be perceived as being _______.

Answer 19

Elicited

Neutral

Question 20

Nausea associated with the anticipation or secondary stimuli of chemo treatment is called _________

Answer 20

Anticipatory nausea

Question 21

The use of relaxation techniques to reverse classical conditioning from a stimuli or situation is called _________.

Answer 21

Systematic desensitization