Module 10 - Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Question 0

Reinforcing behaviours that lead or approximate the final target is a procedure called __________.

Answer 0

Shaping

Question 1

The type of learning in which the consequences that follow some behaviour increase or decrease the likelihood of the behaviour in the future is called __________.

Answer 1

Operant conditioning

Question 2

Consequences are either _________ to increase a behaviour, or __________ to decrease a behaviour.

Answer 2

Reinforcement

Punishment

Question 3

A stimulus such as food or sex, that is innately satisfying and requires no learning to become pleasurable is a _________.

Answer 3

Primary reinforcer

Question 4

A stimulus, such as grades or praise, and is acquired power through experience and learning is a __________.

Answer 4

Secondary reinforcer

Question 5

The various ways a reinforcer occurs after a behaviour has been emitted are referred to as _______ of reinforcement.

Answer 5

Schedules

Question 6

If each and every target behaviour is reinforced, it is called a __________ reinforcement.

Answer 6

Continuous

Question 7

If target behaviour is not reinforced every time it occurs, it is called a __________ reinforcement schedule.

Answer 7

Partial

Question 8

Rats quickly learning the shortest path to food is called a ________.

Answer 8

Cognitive map

Question 9

Learning a behaviour through observation or exploration, but not immediately demonstrating the newly learned behaviour is known as the ___________ distinction.

Answer 9

Learning-performance

Question 10

According to Bandura, learning that develops through imitation and watching others is called ________.

Answer 10

Social-cognitive learning

Question 11

In Kholer study of problem solving in chimps, the term ________ is a mental process marked by the sudden occurrence of a solution.

Answer 11

Insight

Question 12

Thorndike formulated the ________ which says behaviours are strengthened by positive consequences and weakened by negative consequences.

Answer 12

Law of effect

Question 13

Operant _________ describes something that can be modified by its consequences.

Answer 13

Response

Question 14

Skinner believed Pavlov’s conditioning, which involves psychological ________, was not very useful in forms of ongoing behaviours.

Answer 14

Reflexes

Question 15

Any behaviour that increases in frequency because of accidental pairing of a reinforcer and that behaviour is called ________ behaviour.

Answer 15

Superstitious

Question 16

In classical conditioning, the response is an involuntary ________ that is elicited by the ________.

Answer 16

Reflex

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

In operant conditioning, the response is a voluntary _______ that is performed or _______ by the organism.

Answer 17

Behaviour

Emitted

Question 18

Innate tendencies or predispositions that may either facilitate or inhibit learning are referred to as _________.

Answer 18

Biological factors

Question 19

The innate tendency to recognize and store certain cues over others and to associate conditioned with unconditioned stimuli is called _______.

Answer 19

Prepared learning

Question 20

Verbal bullying and spreading rumours are examples of ______.

Answer 20

Relational aggression

Question 21

Using principles of operant conditioning to change human behaviour is referred to as ______.

Answer 21

Behaviour modification

Question 22

Systematic reinforcement of desired behaviours along with the withholding of reinforcement or punishment of undesired behaviours is called ________.

Answer 22

Contingency management