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Biology A > Module 9 - Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Module 9 - Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do cells stay small?

A

Ratio of surface area to volume
transport of substances
cellular communication

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2
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The relaxed form of DNA

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3
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Condensed structures that contain the DNA and are visible during mitosis

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4
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A unit inside a chromosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

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5
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The cycle by which cells reproduce.

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6
Q

What is interphase?

A

The stage during which the cell grows, develops into a mature functioning cell, duplicates the DNA in its nucleus and prepares for division.

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7
Q

What phase does a cell spend most of its life in?

A

Interphase

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8
Q

What are the substages of interphase?

A

Gap 1, Synthesis, and Gap 2

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9
Q

What happens during gap 1?

A

The phase right after splitting. A cell is growing, carrying out normal functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.

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10
Q

What happens during synthesis?

A

The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division

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11
Q

What happens during gap 2?

A

The cell prepares for division, a protein that makes microtubules is synthesized, the cell takes inventory

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12
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The stage of the cell cycle during which the cells nucleus and nuclear materiial divide.

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13
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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14
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Structures that contain identical copies of DNA, the halves of a chromosome.

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15
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The structure at the center of the chromosome where the sister chromatids are attached.

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16
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Nuclear membrane disintegrates
Nucleolus disappears
Chromosomes condense
Spindle apparatus begins to form between the poles

17
Q

What is the spindle apparatus?

A

A structure including spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers. Moves chromosomes in cell division.

18
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus and align along equator of cell.

19
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromatids are pulled apart, resulting in the separation of replicated DNA. Microtubules of spindle apparatus shorten.

20
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and begin to relax and decondense. Two new nuclei are formed and nucleoli reappear.

21
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The final stage of the cell cycle, where a cell’s cytoplasm divides and the cells completely separate.

22
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Proteins that bind to enzymes in interphase and mitosis to initiate the various activities that take place in the cell cycle.

23
Q

What are the enzymes that cyclins bind to called?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

24
Q

What are quality control checkpoints?

A

They are built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.

25
Q

What is checked at the quality control checkpoints?

A

Is the DNA damaged?
Is the DNA replicating correctly?
Has all DNA been replicated?
Are chromosomes properly attached to spindles?

26
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death when a cell can’t pass the checkpoints.

27
Q

What is cancer?

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells; a failure in the regulation of the cell cycle.

28
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Substances and agents that are known to cause cancer

29
Q

What are genes?

A

Regions of DNA that code for the formation of proteins.

30
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A chromosomes that make up a pair; one from each parent.

31
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes. (human gametes have 23)

32
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The process by which one gamete combines with another gamete

Biology A (9 decks)

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