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Biology A > Module 6 - Chemistry in Biology > Flashcards

Module 6 - Chemistry in Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are atoms?

A

the building blocks of matter

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2
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

THe center of an atom

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3
Q

What are protons?

A

Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus

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4
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Subatomic particles found in the nucleus with no charge

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5
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus in energy levels.

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6
Q

What is an element?

A

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means. Made of only one type of atom

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7
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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8
Q

What is a compound?

A

A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine chemically

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9
Q

What is an ion?

A

an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons

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10
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions or groups of atoms. “Stealing electrons”

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11
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared. Stronger than ionic.

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12
Q

What is a molecule?

A

a compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.

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13
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances.

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14
Q

What are reactants?

A

the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation.

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15
Q

What are products?

A

The substances formed during the reaction, right side of the arrow in a chemical equation.

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16
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

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17
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

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18
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts during biochemical reactions. Essential to many life processes

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19
Q

What are substrates?

A

The reactants that bind to the enzyme

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20
Q

What is an active site?

A

The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme

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21
Q

What are polar molecules?

A

molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges

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22
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom from a different molecule.

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23
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its individual characteristics and properites.

24
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

A mixture with a uniform composition throughout

25
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogeneous mixture with a substance dissolved in another.

26
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance in which another substance is dissolved

27
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that is dissolved in the solvent.

28
Q

What is a heterogenous mixture?

A

A mixture in which the components remain distinct.

29
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A heterogenous mixture in which the particles do not settle out

30
Q

What are acids?

A

Substances that release hydrogen ions with they are dissolved in water

31
Q

What are bases?

A

Substances that release hydroxide ions when they are dissolved in water

32
Q

What is pH?

A

The measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

33
Q

What are buffers?

A

Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range

34
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together

35
Q

What are polymers?

A

Molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds (monomers) that are linked together by a series of covalent bonds.

36
Q

What are the categories of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

37
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of oneoxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. (CH2O)n

38
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars, 3-7 units of CH2O in a chain

39
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

40
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, inhibitors (substances that block the active site or change its shape)

41
Q

What are lipids?

A

molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen. Make fats, oils, and waxes. Composed of fatty acids, and glycerol

42
Q

What is the primary function of lipids?

A

Store energy

43
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

44
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain and can accommodate at least one more hydrogen

45
Q

What are polyunsaturated fats?

A

Fats with more than one double bond in the tail.

46
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

A lipid responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane. Polar head and two nonpolar tails

47
Q

What are steroids?

A

A type of lipid including chelesterol and hormones.

48
Q

What are proteins?

A

A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids.

49
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

50
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

51
Q

What purposes do amino acids serve?

A

Make up 15% of total body mass, involved in nearly every function of your body, form muscles, skin, hair, structural support for cells, transport substances inside and between cells.

52
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

53
Q

What are the two type of nucleic acids in living organisms?

A

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA - Ribonucleic acid

54
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Subunits that make up nucleic acids composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen.

55
Q

What are the types of nucleotides?

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

Biology A (9 decks)

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