Module 9 - Acid / Base Flashcards
Exam 4
What is an acid (Bronstead Lowry)?
anything that transfers a proton to another substance
What is a base (Bronstead Lowry)?
Anything that can accept a proton from another molecule
What makes something a strong acid?
Any acid that can fully dissociate into ions
What makes something a weak acid?
An acid that does not dissociate fully
What makes something a strong base?
Anything that ionizes completely into hydroxy ions
What makes something a weak base?
Anything that does NOT completely dissociate in solution and only produces a small amount of hydroxy molecules
What are the two subtypes of acids?
(1)Volatile/Respiratory
(2) Fixed/Nonvolatile/Metabolic
The primary volatile acid of the body is _____
CO2
_____ is the gaseous form of carbonic acid
CO2
Lactic acid, acidic ketone bodies, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid are examples of what?
Metabolically-produced acids
what are the 4 main endogenous ways that we gain H?
(1) retention of CO2
(2) lactic acid
(3) ketoacids (think: DM)
(4) renal problems
What is the main exogenous way we gain H?
Diet - proteins and amino acids
Name 4 ways we lose H
(1) utilization in metabolic reactions
(2) vomit
(3) urine
(4) hyperventilation
What is a normal pH?
7.4
Hydrogen ion content in the blood is ____ _____
extremely low
Why is it important to regulate H levels / pH?
Hydrogen is reaction and can change the charge and shape of proteins, which changes their function
When you have high levels of H+, H will outcompete ____ and bind more to albumin
Calcium
What happens when you have an increased amount of free calcium in the blood?
Ca is a natural Na channel blocker so it will decrease depolarization of skeletal muscles –> weakness, fatigue
We can readily exchange ____ for Potassium (K).
Hydrogen
In hyperkalemia, if we have high levels of H+ in the body, where does K+ go?
K shifts into the ECF
Name the three ways we regulate H+ and pH in order of action
(1) buffering
(2) respiratory
(3) renal H+ excretion
Which regulation system of H/pH is the fastest?
Buffering
Which regulation system of H/pH is the slowest?
Renal H+ excretion
T/F: Buffering temporarily binds the H
True
The lungs control the _____ level.
PaCO2
Renal H excretion controls ____ and conserves _____
HCO3, Na
Buffers exist in what type of acid/base state?
Weak
What makes a buffer a weak acid?
When the buffer is bound to H
What makes a buffer a weak base?
When it is free / not bound to H+
When will a buffer exist as a weak acid state?
When H levels increase in the blood
When will a buffer exist as a weak base state?
When H levels decrease in the blood
What is the most important buffering system?
H2CO3 / HCO3 system
Name 4 other buffering systems, besides the bicarbonate buffer system.
(1) plasma proteins (albumin)
(2) phosphate buffers
(3) intracellular buffers
(4) hemoglobin
The phosphate buffering system is used most often for what?
Urinary buffer
When does phosphate buffer system typically kick in?
After bicarb has been fully reabsorbed and your kidneys can’t keep up
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are related to what disease and why?
Late-stage kidney disease because the buffer system is broken in the kidney
When more H binds to Hb, what happens to O2?
More offloading via the Bohr effect
H can only affect pH in what form?
Free form
