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5222: Advanced Physiology > Module 9 - Acid / Base > Flashcards

Module 9 - Acid / Base Flashcards

Exam 4

1
Q

What is an acid (Bronstead Lowry)?

A

anything that transfers a proton to another substance

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2
Q

What is a base (Bronstead Lowry)?

A

Anything that can accept a proton from another molecule

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3
Q

What makes something a strong acid?

A

Any acid that can fully dissociate into ions

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4
Q

What makes something a weak acid?

A

An acid that does not dissociate fully

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5
Q

What makes something a strong base?

A

Anything that ionizes completely into hydroxy ions

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6
Q

What makes something a weak base?

A

Anything that does NOT completely dissociate in solution and only produces a small amount of hydroxy molecules

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7
Q

What are the two subtypes of acids?

A

(1)Volatile/Respiratory
(2) Fixed/Nonvolatile/Metabolic

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8
Q

The primary volatile acid of the body is _____

A

CO2

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9
Q

_____ is the gaseous form of carbonic acid

A

CO2

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10
Q

Lactic acid, acidic ketone bodies, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid are examples of what?

A

Metabolically-produced acids

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11
Q

what are the 4 main endogenous ways that we gain H?

A

(1) retention of CO2
(2) lactic acid
(3) ketoacids (think: DM)
(4) renal problems

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12
Q

What is the main exogenous way we gain H?

A

Diet - proteins and amino acids

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13
Q

Name 4 ways we lose H

A

(1) utilization in metabolic reactions
(2) vomit
(3) urine
(4) hyperventilation

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14
Q

What is a normal pH?

A

7.4

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15
Q

Hydrogen ion content in the blood is ____ _____

A

extremely low

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16
Q

Why is it important to regulate H levels / pH?

A

Hydrogen is reaction and can change the charge and shape of proteins, which changes their function

17
Q

When you have high levels of H+, H will outcompete ____ and bind more to albumin

A

Calcium

18
Q

What happens when you have an increased amount of free calcium in the blood?

A

Ca is a natural Na channel blocker so it will decrease depolarization of skeletal muscles –> weakness, fatigue

19
Q

We can readily exchange ____ for Potassium (K).

A

Hydrogen

20
Q

In hyperkalemia, if we have high levels of H+ in the body, where does K+ go?

A

K shifts into the ECF

21
Q

Name the three ways we regulate H+ and pH in order of action

A

(1) buffering
(2) respiratory
(3) renal H+ excretion

22
Q

Which regulation system of H/pH is the fastest?

A

Buffering

23
Q

Which regulation system of H/pH is the slowest?

A

Renal H+ excretion

24
Q

T/F: Buffering temporarily binds the H

A

True

25
Q

The lungs control the _____ level.

A

PaCO2

26
Q

Renal H excretion controls ____ and conserves _____

A

HCO3, Na

27
Q

Buffers exist in what type of acid/base state?

A

Weak

28
Q

What makes a buffer a weak acid?

A

When the buffer is bound to H

29
Q

What makes a buffer a weak base?

A

When it is free / not bound to H+

30
Q

When will a buffer exist as a weak acid state?

A

When H levels increase in the blood

31
Q

When will a buffer exist as a weak base state?

A

When H levels decrease in the blood

32
Q

What is the most important buffering system?

A

H2CO3 / HCO3 system

33
Q

Name 4 other buffering systems, besides the bicarbonate buffer system.

A

(1) plasma proteins (albumin)
(2) phosphate buffers
(3) intracellular buffers
(4) hemoglobin

34
Q

The phosphate buffering system is used most often for what?

A

Urinary buffer

35
Q

When does phosphate buffer system typically kick in?

A

After bicarb has been fully reabsorbed and your kidneys can’t keep up

36
Q

Osteopenia and osteoporosis are related to what disease and why?

A

Late-stage kidney disease because the buffer system is broken in the kidney

37
Q

When more H binds to Hb, what happens to O2?

A

More offloading via the Bohr effect

38
Q

H can only affect pH in what form?

A

Free form

39
Q
A

5222: Advanced Physiology (5 decks)

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