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5222: Advanced Physiology > Module 7 - Pulmonary / Respiratory > Flashcards

Module 7 - Pulmonary / Respiratory Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Where gas exchange occurs

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2
Q

Conducting zone

A

Area that is transferring the O2 into the respiratory zone

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3
Q

Name 3 functions of the nostrils / nasal passage

A

(1) warm / humidify / moisten the air

(2) get air into the body

(3) filtration of particles

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4
Q

What do the nasal passages, trachea, and bronchi have in common?

A

They both have ciliated mucous membranes / epithelial cells that filter out pathogens and debris.

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5
Q

the two membranes in the lungs are called?

A

visceral and parietal membranes

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6
Q

Which membrane is interior and which is exterior in the lungs?

A

Visceral = interior
Parietal = exterior

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7
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal membranes

A

Pleura

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8
Q

What is inside the pleura?

A

Thin space with a small amount of fluid

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the pleura?

A

Prevent friction during the breathing process

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10
Q

Type I alveolar cells are made up of what type of cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

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11
Q

What is the function of Type I alveolar cells

A

Responsible for gas exchange

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12
Q

What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?

A

Produce surfactant

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13
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Lipoprotein that reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing

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14
Q

Why is surfactant important?

A

Surfactant reduces surface tension, which allows the alveoli to inflate, ultimately allowing for gas exchange to occur

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15
Q

Gas Exchange definition

A

Getting oxygen into the body and getting CO2 out of the body

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16
Q

What are the 4 phases of gas exchange?

A

Ventilation

External Respiration

Gas Transport

Internal Respiration

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17
Q

Process by which we get air from the atmosphere into the lungs and vice versa

A

Ventilation

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18
Q

Process by which we get gas from the type I alveolar cells into the blood, and other gasses from the blood into the type I alveolar cells

A

External respiration

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19
Q

Transport of oxygen to metabolically active tissues and transport of CO2 from the tissues back into the lungs

A

Gas transport

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20
Q

Gas exchange from blood with metabolically active tissue; O2 in and CO2 out

A

Internal respiration

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21
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

At a constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of gas are inversely proportional.

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22
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

In a mixture of non-reacting gasses, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gasses.

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23
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

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24
Q

Law of Laplace

A

Pressure required to keep the alveoli from collapsing (P) is proportional to tension (T) and inversely related to the radius of the alveoli (P = 2T/r)

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25
Q

During inspiration, what is Palv and Patm?

A

Palv < Patm

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26
Q

During expiration, what is Palv and Patm?

A

Palv > Patm

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27
Q

Palv stands for?

A

alveolar pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
intra-alveolar pressure

(synonymous)

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28
Q

Pip stands for?

A

Intrapleural pressure

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29
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

The pressure inside the pleura; hydrostatic pressure because the pleura has the small amount of liquid

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30
Q

What is alveolar pressure?

A

The pressure inside the lungs / alveoli where gas exchange occurs

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31
Q

What does TP stand for?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

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32
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure (TP)?

A

Difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

The pressure difference holding the lungs open

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33
Q

During inspiration, are we changing Palv or Patm?

A

Palv

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34
Q

What helps to generate subatmospheric pressure of the Palv?

A

Diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract d/t phrenic nerve innervation

Diaphragm pulls down on parietal pleura and the ribcage opens

Thorax area then opens

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35
Q

T/F: There will always be some elastic recoil force during inspiration.

A

True

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36
Q

If we pull down on the parietal pleura and we have some elastic recoil, what happens to the volume of the pleural region?

A

Pleural region volume will increase, Pip will decrease

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37
Q

At the end of inspiration, which pressure changes?

A

Transpulmonary pressure (TP) increases

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38
Q

What does the increase in TP cause?

A

Lungs to expand

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39
Q

What values are we ultimately trying to reduce (pressure) to get air into the lungs?

A

Palv

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40
Q

What governs Palv?

A

(1) Mechanics of increasing thoracic volume
(2) PiP will decrease
(3) TP will increase

41
Q

What happens if the lungs expand?

A

Palv will decrease and become subatmospheric

42
Q

What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?

A

Phrenic nerve relaxes, parietal pleura no longer being stretched, elastic recoil still present and this pushes the volume to decrease and pressure to increase

43
Q

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

44
Q

The amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

45
Q

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (TV + IRV)

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

46
Q

Amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

47
Q

Amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

48
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

A

Residual Volume (RV)

49
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

Flow = Pressure gradient / Resistance

50
Q

What is the most important factor of resistance?

A

Radius of the airways

51
Q

In Ohm’s Law, what is the pressure gradient in reference to?

A

Palv and Patm

52
Q

What are the two major determinants of lung compliance?

A

(1) stretchability of the lung tissues
(2) surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the alveoli

53
Q

Which law explains why partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli (PAO2) is 105 mmHg?

A

Henry’s Law

54
Q

PAO2 stands for?

A

Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli

55
Q

PaO2 stands for?

A

Partial pressure of O2 in the arteries

56
Q

What regulates diffusion?

A

Fick’s Law

57
Q

What are the factors that increase Flux?

A

Pressure gradient, surface area, diffusion, permeability

58
Q

What factors oppose flux?

A

Thickness

Distance

59
Q

Why is the V/Q Ratio important?

A

In order for O2 to get into the blood and RBCs, we need a supply of blood to the area of the lung that is receiving the O2

60
Q

The normal V/Q ratio is what?

A

0.8

61
Q

What does it mean if V/Q ratio >0.8?

A

Ventilation is high, Perfusion is low; ventilation is exceeding perfusion in that area

62
Q

What does it mean if V/Q ratio <0.8?

A

Perfusion is high, Ventilation is low; Perfusion is exceeding ventilation in that area

63
Q

Name 2 causes of V/Q ratio < 0.8.

A

Asthma, airway obstruction

64
Q

Name 2 causes of V/Q > 0.8.

A

pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism (less blood to the area)

65
Q

Would someone with COPD have a high or low V/Q ratio?

A

Low because low ventilation, higher perfusion

66
Q

Why does hypoxic vasoconstriction occur in people with COPD?

A

Body will try to restore the V/Q ratio naturally by constricting the vasculature that normally supplies blood to that area of the lung that is not working –> decrease perfusion to match to ventilation

67
Q

Why do people with COPD sometimes get pulmonary hypertension?

A

Decreased SA, we don’t want to waste blood in that area, so we constrict blood vessels in that area –> increases pressure in the vasculature –> leads to hypertension

68
Q

CaO2 stands for?

A

Total arterial oxygen content

69
Q

What is the most important factor of CaO2?

A

Hemoglobin

70
Q

SaO2 stands for

A

Hemoglobin O2 saturation expressed as a fraction

71
Q

What are the three key factors of CaO2?

A

Hb, SaO2, and PaO2

72
Q

What are the two constants in the CaO2 equation?

A

0.003 - solubility for O2

1.39 - oxygen binding capacity of Hb

73
Q

What is a normal Hb?

A

11-16

74
Q

What is a normal SaO2?

A

93-98%

75
Q

What is a normal PaO2

A

80-100 mmHg

76
Q

What variable can we alter by the use of hyperbaric therapy?

A

PaO2

77
Q

During anemia, there is a ____ in RBC, which causes ____ to Hb and O2 delivery

A

decrease, decrease

78
Q

What factor does anemia affect in terms of the CaO2 equation?

A

Hb

79
Q

What factor does Pulmonary Disorders / COPD affect in the CaO2 equation?

A

SaO2 and PaO2

80
Q

Why does pulmonary disorder / COPD result in a similar CaO2 as normal?

A

Because Hb is not affected and because of compensation

81
Q

What state is iron in in Hemoglobin?

A

Ferrous state

82
Q

What is the structure of Hb?

A

4 globin units; 2 alpha, 2 beta

83
Q

The deoxygenated Hb form is also called?

A

T / Taut configuration

84
Q

During which configuration (taut or relaxed) does O2 bind better?

A

Relaxed configuration

85
Q

Cooperative binding

A

once one O2 binds to a globin unit, it makes it easier for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th to bind

86
Q

PaO2 is influenced by what 4 main factors?

A

(1) Composition of inspired air

(2) Alveolar ventilation

(3) Oxygen diffusion between alveoli and blood

(4) Adequate perfusion of alveoli

87
Q

Why is O2 therapy used to increase PaO2?

A

Because O2 therapy will alter the composition of inspired air to increase the amount of O2 available to get into the body.

88
Q

What 3 factors affect alveolar ventilation?

A

(1) rate and depth of breathing

(2) airway resistance

(3) lung compliance

89
Q

If you have narrowing of the airways, this will _____ resistance and ______ PaO2

A

increase, decrease

90
Q

Alveolar ventilation is related to what factor in Fick’s Law?

A

Pressure gradient

91
Q

What two factors impact oxygen diffusion between alveoli and blood?

A

(1) surface area

(2) diffusion distance

92
Q

T/F: As membrane thickness increases, membrane diffusion increases.

A

False.

93
Q

If you have a high V/Q ratio, how will this affect diffusion?

A

Diffusion will decrease or stop altogether because there is no blood perfusing to the area for the O2 to enter into

94
Q

When we have a high PaO2, the SaO2 will do what?

A

Increase

95
Q

When PaO2 drops below 80 mmHg, what happens to SaO2?

A

This is when we start to see SaO2 drop / decrease.

96
Q

What makes it difficult for O2 to bind to Hemoglobin in the Taut configuration?

A

O2 is not on the same plane so it has trouble binding

97
Q

What disrupts the electrostatic interactions between globin molecules?

A

When O2 binds

98
Q

When electrostatic interactions are disrupted between globin molecules, what happens next?

A

It allows for the iron to get on the same plane as the porphyrin –> makes it easier for other O2 to bind to the iron

Triggers Relaxed state

5222: Advanced Physiology (5 decks)

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