Exam 2 Content Flashcards
Neurophysiology, Endocrine, Hemostasis, Erythrocytes
major nt released from postganglionic fiber
NE
which nt is released from the adrenal medulla?
Epi
Which nt is the predominant inhibitory nt in the parasympathetic nervous system?
ACh
which nt is estimated to be the primary nt at 50% of excitatory synapses in the CNS?
Glutamate
Name the two types of ionotropic receptors for glutamate
AMPA, NMDA
which nt is the major inhibitory nt of the CNS? (but also works in the PNS)
Glycine
Why does Glycine cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
Because Cl- enters the cell
what is the major inhibitory nt in the brain?
GABA
our ability to produce serotonin is dependent on _____ intake
Protein
What is the solubility of peptide hormones in plasma? (high or low)
High
How do peptide hormones get through the phospholipid bilayer?
Signal transduction, need a receptor b/c hydrophilic
Which has a longer half-life - steroid or peptide hormones?
Steroid hormones
Why do hydrophilic proteins have a shorter half-life than steroid hormones?
Because they exist in free form in the blood so they have more opportunity for enzymatic degradation
Catecholamines act like which hormones - steroid or peptide?
Peptide
Thyroid hormone acts like which hormones - steroid or peptide?
Steroid
A deficiency of receptors, decrease in tissue sensitivity, down-regulation in receptors or hormone means what?
Hyporesponsive disorder
Increased ability for the hormone to bind to the receptor is what?
Hyperresponsive disorder
What is the main role of the posterior pituitary?
Store ADH and Oxytocin; release hormones when stimulated
Secondary hyperthyroidism would show what lab values?
High T3/T4
High TSH
Low TRH
Tertiary hyperthyroidism would show what lab values?
High T3/T4
High TSH
High TRH
Does too much insulin lead to hyperkalemia or hypokalemia?
Hypokalemia
name the three main functions of PTH
vitamin D activation, osteolysis, and Calcium reabsorption
Where does osteolysis occur with PTH?
Bones
Where does calcium reabsorption occur with PTH?
Small intestine
Agranular cells are ____ and ____.
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Granulocytes are ___, ____, and ____
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What is erythropoeitin?
Hormone produced primarily by the kidneys that manages the production of red blood cells.
T/F: Red blood cells do not have a nucleus.
True
What is the pro and con of not having a nucleus in the erythrocyte?
Pro: flexible shape and can fit through many blood vessels
Con: Shortens the lifespan
What is erythropoeisis?
The production of erythrocytes (red blood cells)
EPO release is stimulated by what two things?
Renal hypoxia and low arterial oxygen levels
EPO works through a _____ type channel?
Ligand
What is the structure of heme?
Fe2+ inside a porphyrin ring
What condition is related to living at altitude for a long time?
Polycythemia
What coagulation factor makes fibrin from fibrinogen?
Thrombin
How does endothelin 1 help with vasoconstrition?
Endothelin 1 causes smooth muscle contraction, which narrows the radius of the artery
What are the two key steps in activating the platelet plug?
(1) release thromboxane A2
(2) expose subendothelial layer - collagen and von Willebrand Factor
____ binds to glycoprotein receptors on the platelet to start platelet activation.
collagen
What are the two main signal transduction pathways related to platelet activation>
Phospholipase A, Phospholipase C
During platelet aggregation, there is an increase in the expression of what?
GP IIb/IIIa receptors
What makes up the tenase complex?
Active IX, active VIII, and inactive X
What makes up the prothrombinase complex?
Active X, prothrombin (inactive II), active V + presence of phospholipid and Calcium
Factor V leiden is a deficiency in what?
Protein C
Why is Protein C important in hemostasis?
Protein C inhibits the activation of Factor V and Factor VIII AKA prevents too muc clotting
When Heparin binds to antithrombin III, what happens?
It inactivates Factors II, IX, and X
which is a more potent clotting pathway - intrinsic or extrinsic pathway?
Intrinsic
Which clotting pathway is quicker - intrinsic or extrinsic?
Extrinsic
What are the 3 key factors involved in the extrinsic pathway?
III, VII, and X
Factor III activates Factor ___ in the presence of ____
VII, calcium
What are the main factors involved in the intrinsic pathway?
XII, XI, IX, and VIII
What is the tenase complex made of?
Activated Factors IX, VIII, and Inactive Factor X
What is thrombomodulin?
Protein that serves as a receptor to bind Thrombin when Thrombin levels are high.
