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Linguistics > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Theories of Acquisition

A
  1. Imitation
  2. Reinforcement
  3. Active Construction of a Grammar
  4. Connectionist Theories
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2
Q

Imitation

A

Main idea: children imitate what they hear

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3
Q

Reinforcement

A

Main idea: children learn through positive and negative reinforcement

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4
Q

Active Construction of a Grammar

A

Children invent grammar rules themselves.

• Ability to develop rules is innate.

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5
Q

Connectionist Theories

A

Claims that exposure to language develops and strengthens neural connections.

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6
Q

Critical Period Hypothesis

A

basic idea: there is a critical period in development during

which a language can be acquired like a native speaker

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7
Q

Stages of Development

A
  1. Babbling
    • starts at about 6 months of age
    • not linked to biological needs
    • pitch and intonation resemble language spoken around them
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8
Q

Stages of Development

A

One-word
• begins around age 1
• speaks one-word sentences (called ‘holophrastic’)
• usually 1-syllable words, with CV structure
• consonant clusters reduced
• words learned as a whole, rather than a sequence of sounds
• ‘easier’ sounds produced earlier
• Manner:
nasals > glides > stops > liquids > fricatives > affricates
• Place:
labials > velars > alveolars > palatals
• better perception than production (e.g. difficult sounds like [r])

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9
Q

Stages of Development

A 
3. two-word stage
• starts at about 1.5-2 years of age
• vocabulary of +/- 50 words
• sentences consist of two words (telegraphic)
• e.g. allgone sock
• those two words could have a number of relations
• e.g. Daddy car
• usually lacks function words
• usually lacks inflectional morphology
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10
Q

Stages of Development

A
  1. beyond 2-word stage
    • sentences with 3+ words (no 3-word stage)
    • begins using function words
    • have already learned some aspects of grammar:
    • word order (e.g. SVO in English, SOV in Japanese)
    • position of determiners
    • etc.
    • grammar resembles adult grammar by about age 5
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11
Q

Language Acquisition

A

All (normal) human children…
• learn a language.
• can learn any language they are exposed to.
• learn all languages at basically the same rate.
• follow the same stages of language acquisition

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12
Q

Sonorous

A

deep and full in sound

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13
Q

Conjure

A

to call upon or make something appear

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14
Q

Merit

A

quality of being good or worthy

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15
Q

Slovenly

A

messy and dirty (mostly in appearance)

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16
Q

quaint

A

old fashioned

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17
Q

Sociolinguistic

A

study in relation to social factors

18
Q

Gutturals

A

harsh sound produced in the throat

19
Q

Nasality

A

nasal speech sound

20
Q

Disparaged

A

regard or represent with small worth

21
Q

Meretricious

A

attractive but having no value or integrity

22
Q

Vulgar

A

lacking sophistication

23
Q

woeful

A

expressive or sorrow

24
Q

Incontestable

A

not able to be disputed

25
Q

Comprehensibility

A

able to be understood

26
Q

Connote

A

imply or suggest

27
Q

Emulate

A

match or surpass

28
Q

Inclination

A

natural tendency to feel/act a certain way

29
Q

Prestige

A

widespread respect or admiration towards someone mostly who has achieved something great.

30
Q

Subordinates

A

lower in rank or position

31
Q

oppressive

A

unjustly inflicting hardships towards minorities

32
Q

Economic Influence

A

Influence in the economic area

33
Q

Linguistic Integrity

A

the core of what translators and interpreters do

34
Q

connotations

A

idea that a word or feeling that a word invokes more

35
Q

pleasantness

A

giving a sense of satisfacation

36
Q

multidimensional

A

of or involving several aspects

37
Q

aesthetic

A

concerned with beauty or appreciation for beauty

38
Q

repercussions

A

unintended consequences

39
Q

discriminate

A

recognize a distinction

40
Q

dialects

A

form of language particular to a region

Linguistics (6 decks)

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