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Makelle- Biomed > module 9 > Flashcards

module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A

Support ( framework attachment for tendons and ligs), protection( protects internal organs), movement, mineral homeostasis (blood calcium and phosphate, storing and releasing mins), hemtopoesis, Fat storage(triglycerides)

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2
Q

Skeletal System is What type of tissue?

A

Connective

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3
Q

Osteogenic Cell

A

bone stem cell and is the precursor to all other cell types

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4
Q

Osteoblasts:
Osteoclasts:

A

Osteoblasts: Dividing cells. BUILDING BONE secretes organic stuff, collagen, protein, carbohydrates
Osteoclasts: Constantly tunnel through bone, dissolving bone matrix. BREAKING BONE. or bone chewing

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5
Q

Osteocytes:

A

fill spaces in bone and maintain bone integrity

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6
Q

Osteogenis:

A

formation of bone

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7
Q

Bone has two components:
Inorganic:
Organic:

A

inorganic: this portion of bone is primarily a mineral called hydroxyapatite. a compound of calcium, phosphate and hydroxyle groups.
ORGANIC: mostly made of collagen type I. several minor proteins in the organic portion of bone.

Side note: you need both of these working together to have bone. mineral alone is to brittle, organic alone is to flexible

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8
Q

having mineral alone in bone create what disease?

Having organic alone is too flexible and creates what disease?

A

Mineral alone: OSTEOGENISIS IMPERFECTA

Organic alone: RICKETS OF OSTEOMALACIA

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9
Q

Where do Osteocytes live?

What is the job of the Canaliculi?

A

Osteocytes: live In the Lacuna
Canaliculi: pathway to communication. joins adjacent lacunae

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10
Q

Compact Bone:

Spongy Bone:

A

gives bone its strength. hard dense tissue provides structural support.
Spongy Bone:usually in the center of a long bone like the femur.

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11
Q

Osteon:

Lamellae

A

basic structural unit of compact bone

Lamellae: each osteon consists of a series of concentric rings called lamellae.

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12
Q

Central canal or Haversian Canal:

Perforating Canals:

A

canal that runs the length of the bone. CARRYING BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSLES.
Perforating Canals: run radially in long bones to join adjacent central canals

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13
Q

Spongy Bone:

A

found in the marrow cavity of long bones.
- red bone marrow: where blood cells are made- hamatopoiosis.
- yellow bone marrow: storage of energy as fat
MADE OF TRABECULAE.
* structure- loosely organized rings, with lacunae containing osteocytes and with canaliculi connecting the lacunae

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14
Q

hematopoiesis

Trabeculae:

A

hematopoiesis: a process where blood cells are born.
Trabeculae: loosely organized layers form spiky projections in spongy bone called trabeculae (osteoclasts and blasts are found around the outside of trabeculae)

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15
Q

Cartilage functions:

A

forming flexilbe skeletal structures, joining bones at synarthroses (nearlyimmovable joints between bones), linging joint surfaces in synovial joints (freely moveable joints)

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16
Q

Hyaline Cartilage:

A

glass like shiny and translucent. Most cartilage in body is hyaline cartilage.

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17
Q

Fibrocartilage:

A

more fibrous in appearance and structure. chondrocytes are found in lacunae; the ground substance hsa collagen fibers running through it. found in the disks of the vertebrae in pubic symphysis and in meniscus of joints. STRONG

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18
Q

elastic cartilage:

A

has elastin fibers in place of the collagen fibers. found in the ear and epiglittis, two structures that need to be flexible and snap back into shape when moved and released.

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19
Q

Ligamenets:

A

bone to bone. band like structures that strap one bone to bone.

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20
Q

Dense regular connective tissue is found where?

A

ligaments and tendons. has a Striated appearance due to oriented collagen fibers

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21
Q

Dense irregular connective tissuei n the skeletal sytem is what?

A

Periosteum. a thin membrane that surrounds all bones. it has a rich blood supply. participates in bone repair. and has many nerve endings. SOURCE OF BOTH BLOOD AND PAIN. not on articulating surfaces.

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22
Q

Long bone features and location:

A

longer than they are wide. 3 regions: Epipysis(knobby ends of bone and form joint surfaces.) near articular sufaces. 2.in the diaphysis (middle part of bone or the SHAFT) 3. metaphysis: the transitional between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

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23
Q

Epiphysis (long bone feature)

& Epiphysis plate: & Epiphysis Line.

A

knobby ends of the bone. nearest articulating surfaces. The Epiphysis has a specialized regions inside called the epiphysis plate. this is the SITE OF BONE GROWTH in youth ( the epiphyseal plate is in charge of the human growth hormone meaning when it is present bone can grow when levels drop the plates close or become mineralized) and in adults It is a remnant of the plate called an EPIPHYSEAL LINE.

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24
Q

Endochondral bone formation:

A

this is the process by which bone growth occurs. (COMMON IN LONG BONES) this bone formation uses a cartilage bone model to shape the bone it is eventually replaced with compact or spongy bone. (in fetuses and many children many of the future bones are completely cartilaginous. ( will only take place if human growth hormone is present)

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25
Primary ossification center: | Secondary ossification center:
primary ossification center: appears in the center of the forming bone, where diaphysis will be. Secondary Ossification Center: will develop near the joint surface. Develops in Epiphysis. BOTH ossification centers expand; the leftover region of cartilage between these is where the epiphyseal plate lies.
26
Angeogenis:
Laying down blood vessels
27
Epiphyseal plate:
Increases the length of long bones until the Pituitary stops the human growth hormone.
28
Intramembranous Bone Formation
Intramembranouse bone formation in bones of skull and other flat bones (mandilbe clavical) Spongy bone is formed in the center. compact bone eventually develops around edges. again future bone begins as cartilaginos model. but instead of primary and secondary ossification, there are MULTIPLE OSSIFICATION CENTERS. start as "islands" and spread out father. as they spread they form spongy bone.
29
Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts:
osteoclasts: constantly travel through bone, using acid to dissolve mineralized matrix and enzymes to dissolve organic matrix. Osetoblasts: follow behind rebuilding bone. In this way bone is constantly remodeled.
30
What happens if osteoblastic activity is greater than osteoclastic activity?
calcium is deposited into inorganic matrix, bone becomes thicker and stronger
31
what happens if osteoclastic activity is greater than osteoblastic activity?
calcium is realeased from inorganic matrix into blood stream. bone become thinner and weaker.
32
Hormonal Control of bone includes what? (what hormones)
``` Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts. (INCREASES blood calcium) Calcitonin (CT): stimulates osteoblasts. (DECREASE blood calcium) inhibits osteoclasts, decreases blood Ca++, increases bone formation ``` if blood calcium falls to low, hormones are used to stimulate brekdown of inorganic matrix. (hydroxyapatite, Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2) this releases calcium into bloodstream. increased blood calcium levels turn hormonal switch off.
33
A third Hormone, what?
Calcitriol- not directly involved with bone. PTH stimulates kidneys to release calcitriol which increases absorption of ca++ from food.
34
Normal blood calcium is what>
8.5-10.2 mg/dl
35
Vitamin D in hormonal control of bone
vitamin D, important in intestinal absorption of Ca++. in the absence of Vitamin D, blood Ca++ levels drop and bones become soft and flexible. In children, RICKETS (soft bones) results from lack of Vitamin D.
36
Rickets:
when the organic, collagen part of bone is still made, and the resulting bones are soft and pliable. this produces that characteristic of bent bones.
37
Osteomalacia:
The inability to form mineralized bone called osteomalacia. may result from metabolic distrubances, cancer, or cancer chemotherapy. Scans show radioactive 99TC concentrating in areas that are making organic(collagen) bone matrix but not the inorganic.
38
Osteoporosis:
holes in the bone, weak bones. may be from low levels of HGH and with calcium absorption and homeostasis.
39
(Bone remodeling in children and adults) Good stress:in adults: Bad stress:
Good stress: weight bearing exercise increases bone thickeness ( not length) (increased blood supply in periosteum, periosteum surrounds blood vessels and forms new osteons.) Bad stress: friction in joints causes formation of bone spicules
40
BIsphophonates:
drugs that stabilize hydroxyapatite and make it more difficult for osteoclasts to break down mineralized bone.
41
Oral calcium:
increases blood Ca++ and pushes system to deposit calcium in bone.
42
Axial Skeleton:
Axial: central (skull, Vertebrae, Ribs & sternum)
43
Appendicular Skeleton:
Appendicular: attached ( upper extremity and associated skeleton. clavicle, scapula, lower extremity: pelvis.) Structures attached to core.
44
Short Bones:
as long as they are wide. Carpal bones of the wrist are short bones, as are the tarsal bones in the ankle
45
Flat Bones:
Flat bones: equivalent of squamous cells: they are wide and thin. THE STERNUM
46
Irregular Bones:
garbage can for bones with no definable shape. EXAMPLE: vertebrae
47
Sesamoid Bone:
Is a small round, flat bone that can arise as the result of trauma to muscle. only normal sesamoid bone is the PATELLA
48
Bones of the Skull are what? (lateral view) if you split the skull in half along midline you would see these.
Frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal. KNOW DIAGRAM PG 402
49
Bones of the skull: (anterior view)
lacrminal bone, maxilla,mandible, zygomatic bone, plus all previously identified bones
50
Lacrimal bone of the skull:
associated with tears, so its the orbit around the eye
51
Maxilla bone of the skull:
the upper jaw bone
52
mandible bone of the skull:
the lower jawbone
53
Zygomatic bone of the skull:
forms the high cheekbones.
54
Ethmoid bone of the skull (seen if head split on midline
part of the nasal sinuses. Olfactory foramina, cribriform plate
55
Hyoid Bone: seen when skull is split midline
a horseshoe shaped floating bone in the neck
56
Nasal Bone: seen when skull is split midline
small bone that FORMS BRIDGE OF THE NOSE
57
Palatine Bone: seen when skull is split midline
Forming the roof of the mouth, palate
58
Sphenoid bone: seen when skull is split midline
complex shape in the center of skull, (WING) optic foramen, hypophyseal fossa (for pituitary gland (master gland)), foamen ovale (several nerves and blood vessels)
59
Vomer: seen when skull is split at midline
a bone between the ethmoid, maxilla and palatine
60
Occipital Bone:
foramen magnum ( for spinal cord)
61
what is the olfactory foramina and the cribriform plate:
both associated with the ethmoid bone. the nerves carrying smell information pass through olfactory foamina in the sponge like cribriform plate.
62
Hypophyseal Fossa: | Foramen Ovale:
associated with the sphenoid Bone, forms a ditch that holds the pituitary gland Foramen Ovale: associated with the sphenoid bone: allows the passae of several nerves and blood vessles
63
Foramen magnum:
of the occipital bone, a huge hole allows the spinal cord to exit the skull
64
Vertebrae:
runs the length of the back. named by region, then number, from superior to inferior.
65
Name the regions of the vertebrae from superior to inferior:
Cervix, Thorax, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx. CTLSC
66
Cervix of the vertebrae:
Cervix= neck. 7 cervical vertebraes (eat breakfast at 7:00am so its the first) C1-C7 CONVEX
67
Thoracic of the Vertebrae:
Thorax= chest. 12 thoracic vertebrae:( Eat lunch at 12:00pm) T1-T12 (CONCAVE)
68
Lumbar of the Vertebrae:
Lumbar= Loin. 5 lumbar Vertebrae. ( eat dinner at 5:00pm) L1-L5 (CONVEX)
69
Sacral of the Vertebrae:
Sacral=holy. 5 sacral vertebrae, fused. CONCAVE S1-S5 joined in an immobile locked state (CONCAVE)
70
Coccyx of the Vertebrae:
TAILBONE!!!! several coccygeal vertebrae (number varies), fused. the end of the vertebral column.
71
Vertebral Column:
stack of vertebrae connected by intervertebral discs
72
Intervertebral Dics:
are what connect the vertebrae. They are FIBROCARTILAGE. has a soft center, like a jelly donut.
73
Transverse processes:
extend laterally and are connected to the body by the PEDICLE
74
Laminae of the vertebrae column
connect the transverse processes to the midline spinous process.
75
Spinous process:
protrudes posteriously along the midline. joined to the transverse processes by laminae
76
Vertebral foamen:
contains the spinal cord. allows passage of spinal cord
77
Pedicle:
connects body to transverse process of body vertebrae
78
Cervical Vertebrae C1 and C2
are specialized. C1: another name is Atlas allows for the nodding motion. atlanto occipital joint is associated with this. C2: another name is AXIS- articulates with the atlas and allows for head rotation. Transverse ligament is associated with C2
79
Atlanto occipital joint | Transverse ligament:
the joint between the occipital bone of skull and the atlas. | Transverse Ligament: attached to the atlas wraps around a dens on C2
80
Cervical Vertebrae C3-C7
are more typical: spinous process is a bifid. a froked tongue. (two pronged) split into two. C7 is called vertebra PROMINENS: it easily can be palpated. (felt with fingers) along the neck.
81
Thoracic Vertebrae: heart shaped
The only ones whic harticulate with ribs: there are 12. They articulate at two points: trnsverse process of bertebra- tubercle of rib. and Body of Vertebra- head of rib.
82
Transverse process of a vertebra: | Body of a vertebra:
Transverse: touches the Tubercle of a rib Body: touches the head of a rib
83
Lumbar Vertebrae: round
Lumbar: designed to carry a large amount of weight. therefore they are THICK, STRONG BODY.
84
Sacral & Coccygeal Vertebrae:
sacrum- 5 Coccyx- 3-4 vertebrae, varies Both are called Trasnistional Vertebrae:
85
Lumbarization of S1: | Sacralization of L5:
lumbarization:in 10% of people there is an invertebral disk and joint between s1-s2 ca lled a lumbarization of s1. Sacralization: in 14% of humans there is a fusion of L5 and S1 called sacralization of L5
86
True Ribs: of thorax
1-7 true ribs.Costal cartilage connects these to sternum. true because they attach to sternum directly.
87
False Ribs: of thorax
8-10 connect sternum through ribs 7's cartilage. false because they use ribs 7 to connect rather than making connection directly.
88
Costal cartilage:
the connection between true ribs and the sternum is costal cartilage it is a type of hyaline cartilage.
89
Floating ribs:
11 & 12. because they float. no anterior connection to any other structure. just anchored to T11 and t12 thoracic vertebrae, respectively.
90
Appendicular Skeleton:
includes bones of upper and lower extremity. Also CLAVICLE, AND SCAPULA, PELVIC BONE.
91
Glenoid Fossa-
clavicle and the scapula form the socket for the head of the humerus called the gelnoid fossa
92
Humerus
longest, thickest bone of the upper extremity. the head of the humerus fits into the socket of the glenoid foass to form the shoulder joint.
93
Pelvis:
made of three pairs of bones. ilium (flank) ischium (hip) pubis (groin)
94
Ilium
forms joint with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
95
Acetabulum:
the depression from the 3 parts of the pelvis that form the large socket for the head of the femur. SOCKET FOR HEAD AND FEMUR.)
96
Condyle:
knuckle

Makelle- Biomed (4 decks)

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