Module 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Forms coverings protecting the body from the outside world. Found wherever tissues meet the outside world. REMEMBER LUMEN OF THE GUT TUBE IS “OUTSIDE” Ex: Urinary, Respiratory, & reproductive. ( object 1)
2
Q
Connective Tissue
A
holds structure of body. Ex: bone cartilage, tendons, blood (objective 1)
3
Q
Muscular tissue
A
moves body parts. (objective 1)
4
Q
Nervous tissue
A
Sensation, information processing, and control of body parts. EX: brain and spinal cord, ganglia and nerves. (objective 1)
5
Q
(Epithelia cells have two surfaces)
Apical surface:
Basal surface:
A
Apical surface: that faces the outside world
Basal surface: (base like basement) that rests on, and is attached to, the basement membrane. (objective 2)
6
Q
Basement Membrane:
A
has two thin layers each called a Lamina. the basal lamina and the reticular lamina (objective 2).
7
Q
What are the two layers of the Lamina (basement membrane)?
A
basal lamina and the reticular lamina (objective 2)
8
Q
Basal Lamina:
Reticular Lamina:
A
Basal Lamina: nearest the epithelial cells
Reticular Lamina: is a bit deeper. (objective 2)
9
Q
Beneath the basement membrane is what?
A
A layer of Connective tissue. (objective 2)
10
Q
What is also found in the Connective tissue?
A
blood vessels and nerves (objective 2)
11
Q
Why is there limited intracellular space?
A
Different junctions in between to facilitate whatever tissue. (objective 2)
12
Q
Intracellular Vs. Intercellular
A
intracellular: inside
Intercellular: space between cells (objective 2)
13
Q
Arrangment of Epithelia tissue:
Simple:
Pseudostratified:
Stratified:
A
Simple: One layer. All cells come in contact with basement membrane
Pseudostratified:All cells in contact with basement membrane but appears to have layers
Stratified: Two or more layers. Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane. (objective 3)
14
Q
Shapes Of Epithelia tissue:
Squamous:
Cuboidal:
Columnar:
A
Squamous: Flat, wide, “fried egg like,” “paving stone” cells
Cuboidal: Cells as tall as they are wide.
Columnar: Cells taller than they are wide (objective 3)
15
Q
How many combinations of cell arrangements are there?
if different shapes present, always named by?
A
- named by: shapes of cells in apical layer. (out most layer)
(read paragraph on pg 319 objective 3)
16
Q
Transitional Epithelia:
A
Contain cells that change shape, depending on whether the organ is enlarged or shrunken (objective 3)
17
Q
Simple Squamous Epithelia:
A
single layer of flat cells.
LOCATIONS:
lining of heart, lining of blood and lymph vessels, air sacs of lungs, kidney filtration, eardrum, one layer of serous membranes
Diffusion/filtration/reduce friction. (objective 4)
18
Q
Simple Cuboidal epithelium:
A
single layer of cube-shaped cells
LOCATIONS: surface of ovaries, eyes (anterior surface of lens, pigemented epithelium), kidney tubules, many glands.
KNOW: absorption/ secretion is associated with these cells. EX: lots of secretion from pancreas so needs more active cells (objective 5)
19
Q
Simple Columnar Epithelia:
A
single layer of column like cells.
with or without cilia- promotes movement
with or without microvilli- increases surface area
with or without mucus (goblet cells)
DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY 2 kinds.
20
Q
Ciliated simple columnar:
A
this type of simple columnar epithelia moves mucus and substances trapped in mucos by the wave like motion cilia.
LOCATIONS: respiratory tract, uterine tubes/uterus, efferent ducts testes, some paranasal sinuses, canal of spinal cord & ventricles of brain (objective 6)
21
Q
nonciliated simple columnar:
A
does not have cilia. is used for secretion or absorption.
LOCATIONS: GI tract, glandular ducts, gallbladder
22
Q
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia
A
Appears to have layers but it doesnt. all cells attached to basement membrane. LOCATIONS: Ciliated- upper respiratory airways, not ciliated- glands, epididymis and urethra.
23
Q
Mucociliary Escalator:
A
mucus cells secrete mucus to trap dust and invaders, so they can be moved up to the throat by the mucociliary escalator.
24
Q
Stratified Squamous Epithelia:
A
Apical surface is made of squamous (flat) cells. LOCATION: skin and mucous membranes. Is the most common type of epithelium in the human body. This Epithelia protects from abrasion EX: VAGINA (objective 8)
25
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium:
two or more layers made up of cube-shaped cells. LOCATION: sweat gland ducts, esophageal gland ducts, part of the male urethra. It has a secretory functions . SQUARE cuboidal cells involved in secretion) (objective 9)
26
Stratified Columnar Epithelia
Apical surface is made of tall cells two or more layers. LOCATIONS: part of urethra, execretory ducts of some glands, part of anal mucous membranes, part of conjunctiva in eye. (objective 10)
27
Conjunctiva:
Lines inside of eyes, covers sclera- white of eye. goblet cells: mucous/tear/immune system. VASCULAR. (objective 10)
28
Transitional Epithelia:
Shape of cells changes depending on state of stretch. LOCATION: bladder and nearby urethra and ureters. Full bladder:squamous cells. Empty bladder: cuboidal cells (objective 11)
29
Endocrine glands:
Endocrine glands: secrete substances into extracellular fluid then blood. Hormones ex: Human growth hormone. (objective 12) EX: hormones
30
Exocrine glands:
glands secrete substances outside of body. bothe generally lined with (simple or stratified) cuboidal epithelium. (objective 12)
EX: digestive enzymes, & sweat
31
Secretion:
the production of substances that are released outside the body. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM is responsible for this. (objective12)
32
Glands are named based on the branching pattern of the duct and the shape of the secretory portion.
Ducts:
Secretory portion:
conducts the secretory product to where it is supposed to end up.
Secretory portion: where the cells that make the glandular secretion are located. (objective 13)
33
unbranched duct:
| Branched duct:
unbranched duct: simple
branched duct: compound
(objective 13)
34
Tube like secretory portion:
grape like secretory portion:
both:
tube like: tubular
grape like: acinar
both: tubloacinar
(objective 13)
35
acinar or alveolar are shaped like?
Grape like (objective 13)
36
Classification of exocrine glands is based on what?
```
how the cell secretes its product to the outside environment
* MEROCRINE
*APOCRINE
*HOLOCRINE
(objective 14)
```
37
Merocrine Secretion:
1.DNA instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus 2. synthesized in rough ER 3. packaged into Golgi complex 4. formed into secretory vesicle 5. released. EX: saliva and pancreatic enzymes are secreted this way. (objective 14)
38
Apocrine Secretion:
1.DNA instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus 2. synthesized in rough ER 3. packaged into Golgi complex 4. formed into vesicle 5. end of cell breaks off and dissolves. (pinches off) EX: male prostate and female mammary. (breast milk) (objective 14)
39
Holocrine Secretion:
1.DNA instructions transcribed to mRNA in nucleus 2. synthesized in rough ER 3. packaged into Golgi complex 4a. cell dies releasing product 4b. lost cell replaced by division of stem cells. EX: sebaceous glands of skin which are over-active in teenagers use this mode of secretion. EX: glands of the hair follicles, glands of eyelids (objective 14)
40
Ground substance (extracellular matrix):
cells of the CONNECTIVE TISSUE secrete a ground substance which can vary from liquid as in blood, all the way to rock0hard, as in bone. It is composed of several proteins: FIBRONECTIN, LAMININ and proteoglycans.
41
What are the names of proteins that ground substances are composed of?
fibronectin, laminin and proteoglycans. (proteoglycans are not a specific protein buth rather a class of proteins which contain propotionately more sugar than protein.)
42
fibronectin:
laminin:
Proteoglycan:
Fibronectin- adhesion
Laminin: cell differentiation
proteoglycans: class of proteins that contain lots of sugar.( EX mucus is mostly proteoglycan) (objective 15)
43
(connective tissue has fibers called)
Collagen Fibers:
Elastic fibers:
Reticular fibers:
collagen fibers: made up of collagen. (collagen has different types that vary between tissues. this structure gives it strength along the fiber.)
Elastic fibers: made of elastin: abundant in tissues that need to stretch and then snap back into their previous shape. EX: blood vessels.
Reticular Fibers: made of type III collagen. (have silver staining properties... structures that stain silver are called argyrophilic) (objective 15)
44
Fibroblasts
fibroblasts: making fibers. most numerous cell of connective tissue. secrete fibrous components and ground substance.
45
Adipocytes:
Fat cells. Store triglycerides (objective 15)
46
Mast Cells:
Near blood vessels. Important in inflammation; produce HISTAMINE.
47
White blood cells:
migrate to sites of damage (neutrophilis, eosinophils
48
Macrophages:
"BIG eaters": swallow and destroy invaders or debris. Fixed or wandering
49
Plasma Cells:
formed from white blood cells (B lymphocytes)
| secrete special proteins called antibodies that help attack invaders.
50
Fibroblasts:
lay down protein fibers. Collagen is made up of fibroblasts. Other possible fibroblast products include the elastic protein elastin and the reticular fibers which form a network or reticulum
51
Ground substance (extracellular matrix):
cells of the CONNECTIVE TISSUE secrete a ground substance which can vary from liquid as in blood, all the way to rock0hard, as in bone. It is composed of several proteins: FIBRONECTIN, LAMININ and proteoglycans.
52
What are the names of proteins that ground substances are composed of?
fibronectin, laminin and proteoglycans. (proteoglycans are not a specific protein buth rather a class of proteins which contain propotionately more sugar than protein.)
53
fibronectin:
laminin:
Proteoglycan:
Fibronectin- adhesion
Laminin: cell differentiation
proteoglycans: class of proteins that contain lots of sugar.( EX mucus is mostly proteoglycan) (objective 15)
54
(connective tissue has fibers called)
Collagen Fibers:
Elastic fibers:
Reticular fibers:
collagen fibers: made up of collagen. (collagen has different types that vary between tissues. this structure gives it strength along the fiber.)
Elastic fibers: made of elastin: abundant in tissues that need to stretch and then snap back into their previous shape. EX: blood vessels.
Reticular Fibers: made of type III collagen. (have silver staining properties... structures that stain silver are called argyrophilic) (objective 15)
55
Fibroblasts
fibroblasts: making fibers. most numerous cell of connective tissue. secrete fibrous components and ground substance.
56
Adipocytes:
Fat cells. Store triglycerides (objective 15)
57
Mast Cells:
Near blood vessels. Important in inflammation; produce HISTAMINE.
58
White blood cells:
migrate to sites of damage (neutrophilis, eosinophils
59
Macrophages:
"BIG eaters": swallow and destroy invaders or debris. Fixed or wandering
60
Plasma Cells:
formed from white blood cells (B lymphocytes)
| secrete special proteins called antibodies that help attack invaders.
61
Fibroblasts:
lay down protein fibers. Collagen is made up of fibroblasts. Other possible fibroblast products include the elastic protein elastin and the reticular fibers which form a network or reticulum
62
Ground substance (extracellular matrix):
cells of the CONNECTIVE TISSUE secrete a ground substance which can vary from liquid as in blood, all the way to rock0hard, as in bone. It is composed of several proteins: FIBRONECTIN, LAMININ and proteoglycans.
63
What are the names of proteins that ground substances are composed of?
fibronectin, laminin and proteoglycans. (proteoglycans are not a specific protein buth rather a class of proteins which contain propotionately more sugar than protein.)
64
fibronectin:
laminin:
Proteoglycan:
Fibronectin- adhesion
Laminin: cell differentiation
proteoglycans: class of proteins that contain lots of sugar.( EX mucus is mostly proteoglycan) (objective 15)
65
(connective tissue has fibers called)
Collagen Fibers:
Elastic fibers:
Reticular fibers:
collagen fibers: made up of collagen. (collagen has different types that vary between tissues. this structure gives it strength along the fiber.)
Elastic fibers: made of elastin: abundant in tissues that need to stretch and then snap back into their previous shape. EX: blood vessels.
Reticular Fibers: made of type III collagen. (have silver staining properties... structures that stain silver are called argyrophilic) (objective 15)
66
Fibroblasts
fibroblasts: making fibers. most numerous cell of connective tissue. secrete fibrous components and ground substance.
67
Adipocytes:
Fat cells. Store triglycerides (objective 15)
68
Mast Cells:
Near blood vessels. Important in inflammation; produce HISTAMINE.
69
White blood cells:
migrate to sites of damage (neutrophilis, eosinophils
70
Macrophages:
"BIG eaters": swallow and destroy invaders or debris. Fixed or wandering
71
Plasma Cells:
formed from white blood cells (B lymphocytes)
| secrete special proteins called antibodies that help attack invaders.
72
Fibroblasts:
lay down protein fibers. Collagen is made up of fibroblasts. Other possible fibroblast products include the elastic protein elastin and the reticular fibers which form a network or reticulum
73
Adipocytes
body fat is produced by this. and is used for insulation, energy storage. fat= temp control,insulation or protective mechanisms
74
defensive cells
cells that defend the body against invaders. cells in this group include: mast c ells, white blood cells, macrophages and plasma cells
75
Mesenchyme
connective tissue hasnt grown up yet. no bone, ligaments, tendons. almost fluid in consistemcy and cells are widely spaced. PART OF EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
76
Mucous connective tissue
PART OF EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE. umbilical cord of embryo connecting mother and child, jelly like connective tissue once called whartons jelly. it SUPPORTS AND INSULATES umbilical arteries and veins.
77
Liquid connective tissue is what?
BLOOD!
78
Loose connective tissue
has greatest amount of extraceullular matrix cells scattered extracellular matrix.
79
Areolar Connective Tissue
most prevalent in body. found in LAYER SUPPORTING THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND SUPPORTING AND SURROUNDING ORGANS. consists of micture of fiber types (collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers) and cell types fibroblasts and defense cells.)
80
Adipose Tissues:
or fat. FOUND UNDER THE SKIN, AROUND THE HEART AND KINDEYS, IN YELLOW BONE MARROW and around eye socket. cells called adiopocytes have huge fat droplet surrounded by a rim of cytoplasm and nucleus. Store triglycerides/cholesterol. insulates, energy source. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
81
Reticular Connective Tissue
(LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE) forms the stroma. (supporting framework of the liver, spleen, lymph, nodes and red bone marrow. also forms reticular lamina of basement membrane.
82
Dense regular:
made up of collagen fibers in regular bundles with few fibroblasts. found in tendons in ligaments and the sheetlike tendons called aponeuroses dense structure along with lack of blood supply make tissues hard to heal! strength in ONE DIRECTION
83
tendons
muscle connected to bone
84
ligaments
connect bone to bone
85
Dense Irregular connective tissue
has fibroblasts and collagen fibers but as the name suggests, collagen fibers run in many different directions. gives the strength in all directions. found in sheets between muscles in deeper part of skin in the peri tissues that surround bone, cartilage, and the heart. HART VALVES, and CAPSULES surrounding organs
86
fascia
sheets between muscles
87
Elastic Connective Tissue
RECOIL- made of oriented elastic fibers and scattered fibroblasts. in lungs,trachea,bronchial tubes and vocal cords. in walls of arteries in ligaments between vertebrae and in liagements of penis.
88
Cartilage
connective tissue that is harder and less flexible than dense connective.
89
Hyaline
(Cartilage tissue) most abundant type of carilage. its shiny and bluish white substance consists of fine collagen fibers and many chondroycytes. no vessels- nutrients via diffusions difficult to heal, located in ARTICULATING BONES/TMJ acts as cushion. becomes weaker with age. WEAK!
90
chondrocytes
living part of each. housed in LACUNA
91
Fibrocartilage
has more fibrous appearance, fibers here are coarser and gathered together into thick bundles. found in the pubic symphysis in the discs between vertebrae and in padding of knees and where tendon inserts into cartilage. STRONGEST
92
Elastic Cartilage
makes up flap that sorts out liquid from air in the throat, in the external ear, and in the tubes that connect the ear to the mouth that pop when pressure changes.
93
.Bone (2 types)
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Spongy: much more irregular structure. spikes give ample space between for red bone marrow.
Compact: has complex and regular structure consisting of osteons as basic functional and anatomical unit.
94
Osteos:
cells of bones are called osteocytes
95
Blood:
erythrocytes:
Leukocytes
Platelets:
(liquid connective tissue)
erythrocytes: red blood cells
leukocytes: white blood cells (guard against invaders)
platelets: cell fragments
96
Plasma:
thick liquid connective tissue matric. primarily salt water plus proteins
97
Lymph:
filtrate of blood with most of the cells and some of the protein removed.
98
Cell junctions:
need to link cytoskeleton of adjacent cells to each other. or need to link cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.
99
Tight junctions:
form tight leakproof seal between two or more cells where substances cannot be allowed to percolate between cells. EX: intestines
100
Adherens Junctions:
use a protein called cadherin. these work like a belt to keep the tissues pants from falling down as they expand and contract. Keeps from seperating
101
Desmosomes:
used as spot welds to hold tissue together against mechanical disruption. use CADHERIN between cells with intermediate filament proteins in each cell. STABALIZE CELLS INHIBIT MECHANICAL DISRUPTION
102
Hemidesmosomes:
half of a desmosome. not found between two cells but rather between cell and its basement membrane. intermediate filaments anchor the cytoskeleton to integrins which are in turn connected to basement membrane
103
Integrin
used to link the hemidesmosome to the basement membrane.
104
gap junctions:
serves as an electrical and biochemical link between two cells
105
Gap junctions:
have ability to seal off so you cant infect next cell. small, hydrophilic ions can pass through the channel. cells are electrically coupled.
106
mucous membranes
line exterior surfaces of body. Ex: digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract LINE EXTERIOR SURFACES OF BODY
107
serous membranes
parietal layer next to body wall. serious flud between, viseral layer next to organ (DECREASE FRICTION, LUNGS, HEART, INTESTINES)
108
synovial membranes
connective tissue only. lines space between two bones forming a joint. synovial fluid lubricates joints created by synoviocytes. synovial membranes lack an epithelial layer and are only made up of connective tissue.
109
Lamina
connective tissue layer of mucous membranes
110
Cutaneous membrane
or skin covers the outside of body away from cavities
111
skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle, moves body at joints, multiple cells fuse to form long muscle fibers so it has multiple eccentric nuclei.
112
Cardiac musle
found only in heart, no voluntary, striated appearance like skeletal, intercalated discs (formed by gap junctions & desomosomes.) , branched structures
113
smooth muscle
single cell central nucleus, not under voluntary control arteries, gut tube
114
Nervous tissue
only tissue in body that can manipulate electrical charges to receive, process, and transmit information. muscle cells manipulate charges but contract and dont send information.
115
Two main nervous cell types:
neurons:
Glial cells:
neurons: information processing
| glial cells: support and maintenance
