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Makelle- Biomed > module 8 > Flashcards

module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Skin is also called what?

A

Integument or cutaneous membrane

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2
Q

What do desmosomes and hemidesmosomes do?

A

hold cells together. These junctions are critical for skin structure and function. (desmosomes- verticle spot weld.) (Hemidesomes- hold to basement membrane by protein integrin)

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3
Q

Epidermis-

A

epidermis- outside layer of the skin, mostly made up of dead cells which have expelled their nucleus and all organelles and become simply bags of a protein keratin. VASCULAR

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4
Q

Keratin-

A

what is left after organelles and nucleus have been expelled from a cell. Its a protein

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5
Q

dermis-

A

the living layer of tissue underneath the epidermis. contains the blood vessels, nerves, glands, and living skin cells. hair roots are found in the dermis and there is a small bit of muscle which controlls the angle of each hair. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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6
Q

Arrector pili

A

are small muscles which attach to the hair follicles in mammals

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7
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

not technically part of skin but is a layer of areolar and/ or adipose connective tissue. FAT!

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8
Q

Pemphigues

A

a disease where the patient mounts an immune defense against the porteins of his own desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. autoimmune attack against desmosomes.

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9
Q

Deepest to most superficial layers of skin are?

A

Stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratm corneum. (BEFORE SINGING GET LEGAL COUNSEL)

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10
Q

kerantinocytes or caled corneocytes

A

all layers of the epidermis contain karatinocytes. living keratinocytes are found in the deeper layers. as you move more superfically, dead kerantinocytes predominate. the stratum corneum consists of two dozen rows of dead flat kerantinocyes with no other cell types present.

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11
Q

Squames

A

the shed flakes from the corneocytes of keratinocytes

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12
Q

Stratum Basale

A

cells divide and grown in basale, then migrate upwards, losing their nuclei and becoming bags of keratin. STEM CELLS

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13
Q

Stratum corneum:

A

(horn like)

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14
Q

Stratum Lucidum:

A

(clear) Only thick skin

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15
Q

Stratum Granulsodum

A

(grainy) Lipid granules water proofing

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16
Q

Stratum spinosum:

A

(spiny)

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17
Q

Thin Skin ( hairy skin)

A

lacks stratum lucidum . covers everything but palms, fingertips and soles of the feet. about 0.1mm thick

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18
Q

Thick skin or Glabrous

A

has a prominent stratum lucidum. Found on palms, palamr surface of digits, and soles of feet

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19
Q

Stem cells:

A

found in stratum basale. full of intermediate filament protein keratin. these divide into keratinocytes, cells divide as they move more superfically, lose their nuclei and become just kearin surround by a membrane, also secrete lipids that give skin waterproof and flexible properties

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20
Q

Dead keratinocytes

A

cell membrane surround the protein keratin make up about 90% of cells epidermis

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21
Q

Melanocytes:

A

cells which carry pigment granules that give the skin color .Carry MELANIN (pigment granules that give color)

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22
Q

Langerhans Cells:

A

skins version of a type of immune cell called a dendritic cell.PROVIDE IMMUNE DEFENSE. (MACROPHAGES OF EPIDERMIS)

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23
Q

Merkel Discs:

A

light touch receptors. Type of nervous system that can detect light touch. (NEUROLOGICAL AND SENSORY)

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24
Q

what are the two types of Melanin

A

PHEOMELANIN AND EUMELANIN

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25
Q

PHEOMELANIN:

A

yellow to red- freckles

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26
Q

Eumelanin:

A

Brown to black- moles

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27
Q

Mealanocytes:

A

pigments are found in cells called melanocytes. almost everyone has same number of melanocyrtes

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28
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen carrying molecules. a red pigment in blood that gives the skin a pinkish cast.

29
Q

carotene:

A

forms deposits in the skin, a precursor to vitamin A found in intensely colored fruits and veggies. not a true skin pigment.

30
Q

Bilirubin

A

in disease such as liver failure, the pigment bilirubin accumulates in the skin giving it a yellow color. Not a normal skin pigment. by product of heme. catabolism.

31
Q

Jaundice

A

the symptom of skin turning yellow.

32
Q

albinism

A

same number of meloncytes but do not secret melanin

33
Q

Vitiligo:

A

lack of melanocytes. michael jackson

34
Q

Papillary Region:

A

1/5 of thickness of dermis.contains blood vessels,and the sensory structures known as meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings. Important for its tight attachement to the epidermis. also on the palsm, fingertips and soles of the feet. underlying structure of the dermis causes the skin to have fingerprints. areolar connective tissue with think collagen and fine elastic fibers: contains dermal ridges that house capillaries meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings.

35
Q

Meissner corpusclse

A

for sensing light touch and free nerve endings. are used for sensing pain, temp, and itch.

36
Q

Dermis:

A

dense connective tissure layer beneath the epidermis. made of few cells. Mostly collagen and elastic fibers.

37
Q

Reticular region:

A

nerves and blood vessels run through the dermis here. also hair roots and glands are found here. Dense irregular connective tissue, some adipose cells, hair follicles , nerves and sebaceous glands. and sudoriferous glands

38
Q

Striae or Stretch marks:

A

when skin is torn into the dermis.

39
Q

What are the functions of the Collagen and elastic fibers?

A

Strength and stretch

40
Q

Thermoregulation:

A

Encourage healing process

41
Q

papillary loops

A

provide oxygen to epidermis

42
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

LOOSE Areolar CONNECTIVE TISSUE. made up of areolar and adipose tissues. blood vessels pass through layer on their way to the dermis. this is where adipose tissue is located. INSULATION?ATTACHES DERMIS TO MUSCLE TISSUE

43
Q

Lamellated corpucles

A

kind of nerve ending mediating the feelings of vibration. found in the lower dermis and upper part of the subcutaneous layer. COMMON PLACE TO GIVE INJECTIONS

44
Q

Areolar Connective tissue:

A

loose connective tissue made up of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers with adipose cells suspended in the fiber matrix blood vessels and nerves transverse the layer.

45
Q

Meissner

A

Touch corpuscles, (LIGHT TOUCH)

46
Q

Merkel

A

(tactile) discs, (LIGHT TOUCH)

47
Q

Free nerve endings

A

pain and temperature, itch, hair movement.

48
Q

Pacinian

A

Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle Deep pressure, vibration. responds to vibration

49
Q

What are the two different kinds of sweat glands (or sudoriforous) present in the skin?

A

Eccrine and Apocrine

50
Q

Eccrine:

A

used to cool skin and restore homeostasis. needed for control of temp, waste removal and stimulated during emotional stress. THROUGHOUT SKIN of most regions of body. termination of excretory duct:surface of epidermis. SECRETION: less viscous ONSET: soon after birth

51
Q

Apocrine:

A

associated with hair shaft. SECRETION: more viscous, same components as eccrine plus lipids and proteins. FUNCTIONS: stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement ONSET: puberty. SECRETIONS contain pheromones

52
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

associated with hair shaft, secrete waxy substance (sebum) become active at puberty . Acne is an inflammation of the sebaceous glands. found on the lips, and other hair free surfaces open directly onto the surface of the skin. absent on the palms and hands and soles of feet.

53
Q

Pheromones:

A

trigger social response and impacts behavior

54
Q

Sebum

A

the ioly secretion released by sebaceous glands. coats and protects the hair surface against drying and breakage.

55
Q

Nail body:

A

karatin packages tightly packed. PLATE OF NAIL.

56
Q

Nail matrix:

A

rapidly dividing cells loss of nail matrix= loss of nail. PUSHES OUT THE NAIL

57
Q

Lanula:

A

seen near the cuticles as a slightly ligher area. half moon thing. what causes change in color? blood flow!

58
Q

EPONYCHIUM

A

cuticle

59
Q

hair

A

specilized form of keratin

60
Q

hair shaft

A

has 3 layers (what we see externally) cuticle is outermost for external hairs

61
Q

(hair) where are the pigment cells (melanocytes) and blood vessels at?

A

the base of the hair PS if hair matrix is destroyed you will lose that hair strand !

62
Q

What can affect hair loss?

A

physical stress, surgery, illness, anomia, emotional stress, thyroid abnormalities, medications/disease

63
Q

Functions of the hair:

A

sunscreen, sensation, temp

64
Q

hair growth:
Growth stage:
Regression stage:
Resting stage:

A

growth stage: hair shaft elongates, stage last 2-6 years when hair is pushed out by the matrix, once pushed upward, they turn to bags of keratin and die.
Regression: cells of the hair matrix stop dividing 2-3 weeks
Resting Stage: hair falls out at the end of the resting stage and is replaced by new hair in its growth stage. last about 3 months

65
Q

Thin skin Vs. Thick:

A

Thin skin: does not have a stratum lucidum, hair is present here, there are fewer sweat glands, and sebaceous glands are present.
Thick skin: Lucidum is present, hair is absent, more sweat glands, and sebaceous glands are absent

66
Q

Skin developing in the embryotic layers?

The fourth week?

A

fourth week: single layer of cells, embryonic connective tissue

67
Q

skin developing in the embryotic layers?

Fourteen weeks?

A

sweat glands and hair follicles

68
Q

skin developing in the embryonic layers? Eleven weeks:

A

eleven weeks: can identify specific epithelial layers

69
Q

Skin developing in the embryonic layers

eighteen weeks:

A

hair glands and ducts

Makelle- Biomed (4 decks)

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