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Psychology > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

Estimating the probability of a future event based on secondary, indicator variables.

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2
Q

Is a risk assessment prognostic or diagnostic?

A

Prognostic

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3
Q

What are the 2 components of risk assessment?

A
  • Prediction
  • Management
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4
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Individual or environmental variables associated with greater likelihood of involvement in criminality. Cumulative and interactive, not additive!

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5
Q

What are the 2 categories of risk factors? What one is the best predictor?

A
  • Static. Best predictor!
  • Dynamic
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6
Q

What are static factors? What are some examples?

A
  • Fixed or determined (cannot be changed) beforehand, prior to the event occurring.
  • Criminal history, age committing the crime
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7
Q

What are dynamic factors? What are some examples?

A
  • Internal states or temporary circumstances that fluctuate over time (relatively stable or acute). May be able to be treated.
  • Personality. Is not always the same.
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8
Q

What is the only risk factor of the big 8 that is static?

A
  • history of antisocial behaviour
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9
Q

What are the central big 4 risk factors of criminal behaviour?

A
  • History of antisocial behaviour
  • Antisocial attitudes
  • Antisocial associates
  • Antisocial personality pattern
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10
Q

What are the moderate 4 risk factors of criminal behaviour?

A
  • Family/marital problems
  • School/work problems
  • Problematic leisure time
  • Substance use
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11
Q

prediction: high risk v. Outcome: violent

A

true positive

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12
Q

Prediction: high risk v. Outcome: not violent

A

false positive

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13
Q

Prediction: Low risk v. Outcome: violent

A

false negative

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14
Q

Prediction: low risk v. Outcome: not violent

A

true negative

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15
Q

What are the implications of high false positives?

A

individual rights

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16
Q

What are the implications of high false negatives?

A

Society, victim safety jeopardized

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17
Q

What is base rate?

A

Percent of people who commit a specific act

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18
Q

What type of error is made most often when predicting rare events?

A

False positive

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19
Q

What are the types of risk assessments?

A
  • Unstructured professional judgement
  • Actuarial
  • Structured professional judgement
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20
Q

What is unstructured professional judgement?

A
  • Mental health professional predicts chance of re-offence from interview and clinical impressions. Based on practitioners experience.
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21
Q

What are the advantages of unstructured professional judgement?

A

Flexible and specific to individuals

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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of unstructured professional judgement?

A

Inconsistent and inaccurate. Study showed that patients released, only 20/98 reoffended.

23
Q

What is actuarial assessment?

A
  • Systematic measurement of factors derived from a research database.
  • Formulas provide risk scores based on relationships between static variables and criterion variable (violence).
24
Q

What are the different scales used to asses risk?

A
  • Violence risk appraisal guide (most used now)
  • Risk/need scales
  • HCR-20
25
Q

What are the advantages of actuarial assessment?

A
  • Consistent
  • High accuracy
  • Easy to use
26
Q

What are the disadvantages of actuarial assessment?

A
  • No theoretical base
  • Items are static
  • Nomothetic (group percentile now represents an individual)
  • Cross-validation of recidivism estimates
27
Q

What is the violence risk appraisal guide?

A
  • 12 weighted static factors (-26 to +38)
  • Sum score, place offender within 1-9 risk bins (absolute recidivism rates)
  • Predicts violent recidivism
28
Q

What are risk/need scales?

A
  • Focus on static risk factors
  • Also measures the offenders needs
  • Theoretically informed dynamic risk factors
29
Q

What are the strengths of the risk/need scales?

A
  • Shares all same advantages of actuarial scales while still identifying treatment targets
  • Theoretically relevant and practically useful
30
Q

What are the limitations of the risk/needs scales?

A
  • No focus on protective factors
31
Q

What is structured professional judgement?

A
  • most commonly used method
  • looks at pre-specified risk factors and adds case specific details
  • Final judgement made with clinical judgement
  • Do not have rules for how scores should be assigned. Low, medium and high risk.
32
Q

What is the HCR-20 scale?

A
  • Historical, clinical, risk management
  • Assess for risk of violence in civil, psychiatric, forensic and criminal justice populations.
  • 20 set items
  • Max score is 40 + 1 of 3 risk levels
  • Scores are not totaled
33
Q

What are the 3 parts of HCR-20 and how many items in each?

A
  • Historical (static), 10 items
  • Clinical (dynamic), 5 items
  • Risk management (future), 5 items
34
Q

What are the strengths of structured professional judgement?

A
  • Static and dynamic factors
  • Theoretically relevant and practically useful
  • Flexible
35
Q

What are the limitations of structured professional judgement?

A
  • Not clear what is meant by low, moderate or high risk
  • Professional override = less prediction
36
Q

What did treatments used to target and what do they target today?

A
  • Anxiety, self-esteem and depression
  • Criminogenic needs
37
Q

What are the 2 components of the risk principle?

A
  • Risk of re-offending can be predicted
  • Higher risk people should be provided with more intense interventions
38
Q

How many hours of program yields improvement?

A

200 hrs

39
Q

High intensity programs for low risk people _ risk of reoffending

A

increase

40
Q

What are criminogenic needs?

A

Dynamic risk factors that when changed, will affect the likelihood of re offending

41
Q

What are non-criminogenic needs?

A

Dynamic and changeable but are unrelated with recidivism. Shouldn’t be the treatment target.

42
Q

What is general responsivity?

A
  • Clear, concrete objectives
  • Structured content
  • Focus on activity and acquiring skills
  • Cognitive-behavioural in orientation
  • Personnel with high quality interpersonal skills who foster warm, collaborative relationships with clear boundaries
43
Q

What is specific responsivity?

A
  • Accommodate differences in diversity among participants
  • Recognize clients differ in motivation/readiness for treatment
  • Match therapist style to client
44
Q

What are the 3 principles of RNR?

A
  • who should be treated
  • what should be treated
  • how should they be treated
45
Q

What are the 4 guidelines of risk communication?

A
  • Estimation of the level of risk posed by the individual
  • Identification of relevant risk factors
  • Identification of risk management strategies/treatment options
  • Appropriate communication to decision maker
46
Q

What is called when a stat of who is most likely to reoffend is phrased as both “% of not committing” instead of “% committing”?

A

Framing

47
Q

What are 3 limitations of risk communication?

A
  • Not enough info on treatment, change and management
  • Reliance on categorical language which has ambiguous boundaries (low, moderate and high)
  • Inability to combine and make sense of info from different scales
48
Q

What are the 2 types of preventative detentions (indeterminate sentences) in Canada? How does this compare to the US?

A
  • Dangerous offender (DO)
  • Long term offender (LTO). This replaced the death sentence, needs a risk assessment.
  • Sexually violent predator (SVP)
49
Q

What is considered a dangerous offender (DO)?

A
  • serious personal injury offence
  • pattern of repetitive behaviour that indicates failure to restrain his/her behaviour and likelihood of harm
  • Pattern of persistent aggressive behaviour
  • Brutal nature, unlikely to be inhibited by normal standards of behavioural restraint
  • Failure to control sexual impulses leading to likelihood of harm
50
Q

What is considered a long term offender (LTO)?

A

Same criteria as DO but…
- It would be appropriate for a sentence 2+ years
- There is a substantial risk of violently re-offending (DO)
- There is reasonable possibility of eventual control of the risk in the community (LTO)

51
Q

When is parol review?

A

7 years

52
Q

What are the goals of the national flagging system?

A
  • Track high risk offenders
  • Prevent offenders from falling through jurisdictional gaps
  • Encourage DO/LTO applications in appropriate cases
53
Q

How does the national flagging system work?

A
  • Referrals to NFS coordinators
  • Review of file info
  • Criteria for dangerousness outlined in DO/LTO provisions
54
Q

What risk factor is not predictive for indigenous peoples?

A

Static-2002R

Psychology (5 decks)

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