Module 9 Flashcards
the art of riding, handling, and training horses.
Horsemanship,
It is a
collective term for a variety of horse training techniques which have seen rapid
growth in popularity since
the 1980s.
The techniques were viewed to vary but
generally share principles of _________ to develop a
relationship with horses, using methods said to be derived from observation of the
natural behavior of free-roaming horses and rejecting abusive training methods.
“a kinder and gentler cowboy”
Good horsemanship requires that a rider control the animal’s direction,
gait, and speed with maximum effectiveness and minimum efforts.
emphasized operant conditioning and emphasized reassurance over punishment.
Horsemanship by Xenophon (c. 430 – 354 BCE),
The modern natural horsemanship movement, though not originally
described as such, developed primarily in the _________________
was the strongest.
United States Pacific Northwest and
Rocky Mountain states, where the “buckaroo” or vaquero-style cowboy tradition
were early modern practitioners,
who had background in the Great Basin buckaroo tradition. They had a
particularly strong influence on Ray Hunt, who in turn became a significant
influence upon Buck Brannaman.
Brothers Tom and Bill Dorrance
Other practitioners, such as Pat Parelli, came from the rodeo world.
The growth in the modern acceptance of the techniques (and the growth
in marketing of them) has been increasing since the ____, with initial slow growth
accelerating through the _________
1970s, 1980s and 1990s.
The proposed eight training principles were presented for the first time at
the satellite meeting of the
2003 congress of the International Society of Applied
Ethology held in Abano-terme, Italy:
The removal of physical pressure or discomfort
reinforces (rewards) whatever behaviour precedes the moment of removal (i.e.
leg(s) rein(s), spurs, whip-tap, headcollar).
The Pressure Principle:
Relaxation and attentiveness can only occur if the horse
responds to predictable signals that do not invade the pain threshold. Thus,
training the horse to respond unconditionally to light aids in hand and under
saddle is essential.
Pavlov’s Principle:
Each response should be trained and elicited
separately (do not pull on the reins (stop) and kick with the legs (go) at the same
time).
The Exclusivity Principle:
Responses should be progressively improved, step-
by-step, learned response by learned response, toward the final outcome.
The Shaping Principle:
Increasing pressures of aids should correspond
with increasing levels of response i.e. a small leg aid should result in a smaller go
reaction, while a bigger aid should produce a stronger go response.
The Proportional Principle:
The horse must travel in-hand and under saddle
free of any constant rein or leg pressure, otherwise he will switch off to them
The Self Carriage Principle:
Fear is quickly learned, not easily forgotten and is strongly
associated with the movement of the horse’s legs. It is important to learn to identify
the range of fear responses in horses and to diminish them to avoid the horse
experiencing them.
The Fear Principle:
Appreciating the similarities and differences in
mental ability between horses and humans is crucial to effective and humane
training.
The Mentality Principle:
There are three key things of training;
movement, touch
and sound
Horsemanship is of two types:
Western and English.
Devices
used for early training of horses include
a lead rope, halter, saddle pad, bridle with
a jointed snaffle bit and reins.
All forms of horsemanship involve the use of the
rider’s legs and the reins for control of acceleration and deceleration, changing
direction, and moving sideways.
where the horse is taught to accept
the halter in which the horse is approached from its left side.
The initial step of training is haltering
Haltering is repeated for a
_____ so that foal becomes used to it.
week or two
is designed to fit on the
horse’s head so the trainers can control the horses as they lead them.
The halter
started before weaning or just after weaning.
Leading
communication system between trainer and horse, built on
the six results; causing a horse to go forward, backward, right, left, up, or down.
Longeing
Working with the foal for
about __________ for several days will teach it to lead.
30 minutes a day
carrying something on its back while being longed.
Saddling
placed near the withers and extends down towards the center of the shoulder.
The saddle pad or blanket
are used for steering or directing the horses. It
consists of some leather straps that go around the horse’s muzzle and head, and
a bit that goes into the horse’s mouth.
Bridles
