Module 9/10 - Digestive system

Question 1

what structures are supplied by the coeliac trunk artery

Answer 1

pharynx,
esophagus,
stomach,
1st part duodenum,
liver
pancreas
spleen

Question 2

what structures are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery

Answer 2

rest of small intestines,
caecum
appendix
ascending colon
2/3 of transverse colon

Question 3

what structures are supplied but the inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 3

remainder of colon

Question 4

what does the greater omentum connect

Answer 4

greater curvature of stomach and transverse colon

Question 5

what does the lesser omentum connect

Answer 5

lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum to liver

Question 6

what does the falciform ligament connect

Answer 6

the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

Question 7

what does the mesentery connect

Answer 7

small intestines to posterior abdominal wall

Question 8

what does the mesocolon connect

Answer 8

large intestines to posterior wall

Question 9

name the 4 muscles of mastication and their function

Answer 9

masseter - elevates + protracts
temporalis - elevates + retracts
pterygoids medial - elevates + protracts
pterygoids lateral - depresses and protracts

Question 10

what type of epithelium is found on the tongue

Answer 10

stratified squamous (keratinised and non keratinised in places)

Question 11

from anterior/superior to posterior/inferior, name the parts of the roof of mouth

Answer 11

• hard palate
• soft palate
• uvula

Question 12

what type of secretion is produced by each of the salivary glands

Answer 12

parotid - serous
sublingual - mixed but mainly mucous
submandibular - mixed but mainly serous

Question 13

where are mucous neck cells located and what do they produce

Answer 13

• located near the opening of the gland ( in gastric pits of stomach)
• produce mucus

Question 14

what do chief cells produce

Answer 14

• pepsinogen (converted to pepsin by gastric acids in stomach)
• zymogen granules (precursor to enzymes)

Question 15

what is the role of parietal cells

Answer 15

produce HCl and intrinsic factor

Question 16

what is the role of entero-endocrine cells

Answer 16

produce regulatory hormones and paracrine factors

Question 17

what type of epithelium lines the villi of the small intestines

Answer 17

simple columnar

Question 18

describe the muscularis externa in the GI tract

Answer 18

• 2 layer of muscle - inner is circular and outer is longitudinal (+innermost oblique layer in the stomach)
• contains the myenteric plexus - controls peristalsis and secmentation

Question 19

describe the mucosal layer of the GI tract

Answer 19

3 parts:
- epithelial - non keratinised stratified squamous

• lamina propria - thin loose CT (contains blood and lymphatic vessels
• muscularis mucosae - thin layer of smooth muscle - twitching movement

Question 20

describe the submucosa layer of the GI tract

Answer 20

• thick layer of loose CT containing BVs, lymphatics, glands, nerves
• note: nerves control vasoconstriction and movement of muscularis mucosae and promote gland secretion

Question 21

what are 2 types of contraction in the small intestines

Answer 21

segmental - mixing
peristalsis - propulsion over short distances

Question 22

what salivary glands are infected in mumps if one of the symptoms is swollen cheeks

Answer 22

parotid

Question 23

what are the names of the ducts under the liver and where do they each come from

Answer 23

cystic duct - from gallbladder
common hepatic duct - from liver
common bile duct - (where the above 2 merge)
hepatopancreatic ampulla - region of common bile duct entering duodenum

Question 24

what are the 2 names for the sphincter at the top of the stomach

Answer 24

• lower esophageal sphincter
• cardiac sphincter

Question 25

what are the names of the 2 bends in the colon

Answer 25

right (ascending to transverse) = hepatic flexure
left (transverse to descending) = splenic flexure

Question 26

what are omental appendages

Answer 26

small fat pouches on colon

Question 27

what types of epithelia and muscles is there in the anal canal

Answer 27

superior is simple columnar
inferior is stratified squamous
internal sphincter is smooth muscle
external sphincter is skeletal muscle

Question 28

what type of the nervous system is stimulated by distention of rectal walls

Answer 28

parasympathetic

Question 29

what is the gastroileal reflex

Answer 29

when stomach is full / stomach activity - the hormone gastrin relaxes the ileocaecal valve - small intestines will empty

Question 30

what is the gastrocolic reflex

Answer 30

initiated by chyme in stomach - mass movement of contents in transverse colon into rectum

Question 31

what is the duodenocolic reflec

Answer 31

chyme in duodenum initiates - mass movement on contents in transverse colon into rectum