Module 5 - Circulatory system Flashcards
what are the 3 layers of blood vessel walls
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica adventitia
what is the tunica intima comprised of
- endothelium
- basement membrane
- lamina propria
- internal elastic membrane
what is the tunica media comprised of
smooth muscle (arranged circularly around vessel)
- external elastic lamina (in arteries)
what is the tunica adventitia comprised of
- connective tissue (denser near tunica media then becoming more loose)
in which blood vessels can you find the external elastic lamina
arteries
which is the thick layer in arteries and veins
arteries have a thick tunica media
veins are thin walls but have a thick tunica externa
what are the large elastic arteries and medium muscular arteries known as and what are their functions
large elastic arteries:
- conducting arteries
- pressure reservoirs - can expand and recoil with changes in blood pressure
medium muscular arteries:
- distributing arteries
- vasoconstriction and vasodilation (direct blood into different regions of the body as needed
what are 2 examples of large elastic arteries and of medium muscular arteries
large elastic / conducting: Aorta and pulmonary trunk
medium muscular / distributing: brachial, radial
what are the 3 sections of the aorta
- ascending aorta (immediately out the heart)
- aortic arch
- descending aorta (traveling to lower body)
what are the 3 main arteries arising from the aortic arch (in order of blood flow)
- brachiocephalic artery (branching into right subclavian and right carotid)
- left carotid
- left subclavian
what are the 2 names for the descending aorta
thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta
where does the brachiocephalic artery supply
right side of head and right upper limb
what are the 2 branches of the brachiocephalic artery and where do they supply
right subclavian - right upper limb
right carotid - right side of head
what are the second 2 arteries branching off the aortic arch and where do they supply
left carotid - left side of head
left subclavian - left upper limb
what is the name of the veins draining blood from the arms and head
- jugular veins drain the head
- subclavian veins drain the arms
what is the pathway of blood from the head and arms to get back into the heart
the jugular (head) and subclavian (arm) veins of the right and left sides join (on their sides) to form the right and left brachiocephalic veins
the brachiocephalic veins join to for the superior vena cava and enter the right atrium
what are the names of the 5 main arteries in the arm
- axillary artery
- brachial artery
- ulnar artery
- radial artery
- palmar artery
how are arteries in the arm names
by the area they pass through
axilla is the armpit (axillary)
brachii is latin for “of the arm”
etc.
which artery of the arm is usually palpated to measure pulse rate
radial (at the wrist)
what is the difference between the internal and external iliac arteries
internal supplies the reproductive organs, pelvic organs and medial part of the thigh
external iliac artery continues into the femoral and supplies lower legs
name the arteries a blood cell will flow through from the aorta down to the left foot
abdominal aorta
left common iliac artery
external iliac artery
femoral artery
popliteal artery
tibial artery
dorsalis pedis artery
what are the 2 arteries that branch from the popliteal artery
anterior and posterior tibial artery
what is the name of the blood vessel anterior to the vertebral column that supplies the organs of the abdomen
abdominal aorta
what are the 4 paired branches off the abdominal aorta and where fo they supply
- inferior phrenic arteries ( to diaphragm )
- left + right adrenal arteries (to adrenal glands)
- left + right renal arteries (to kidneys)
- left + right gonadal arteries (to gonads)
what are the 3 unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta
- coeliac trunk
- superior mesenteric artery
- inferior mesenteric artery
where does the coeliac trunk supply during embryonic development and during adulthood
embryonic: foregut
adult: stomach, duodenum, gallbladder, liver, pancreas
where does the superior mesenteric artery supply during embryonic development and during adulthood
embryonic: midgut
adult: jejunum, ilium, caecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon
where does the inferior mesenteric artery supply during embryonic development and during adulthood
embryonic: hindgut
adult: descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anus
where on the body can arterial pulse be taken (6)
radial, carotid, brachial, popliteal, facial, dorsalis pedis
how is blood pressure written
systolic pressure/ diastolic pressure
what is the equation for pulse pressure
systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure
what is the equation for mean arterial pressure
diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure
why is the brachial artery used for taking blood pressure
- it is the same level as the heart so it gives the best representation of pressure during ventricular systole and diastole
define total peripheral resistance
friction blood encounters as it passes through vessels
what is the relationship between blood flow and resistance
inversely proportional
what 3 factors affect peripheral resistance
- blood viscosity
- vessel length
- vessel radium
how is diastolic pressure maintained
pressure in arteries
where are systolic and diastolic pressure measured
systolic - measure pressure exerted by ventricles (during systole)
diastolic - measures pressure in arteries (at the end of diastole) - measures the force exerted by blood upon arterial walls
what do SBP and DBP give information about
Systolic BP - indicates cardiac output
diastolic BP - indicated peripheral resistance
how is SBP and DBP measured indirectly / estimated
using a sphymomanomer (blow up cuff on arm)
how accurate is it using approximate methods compared to catheterisation to measure blood pressure
within 10%
