Module 1 - Body Control Flashcards
what is the speed and control mechanisms of the nervous and endocrine systems
nervous is rapid and control is conscious or subconscious (somatic or autonomic)
endocrine is slower/prolonged and controlled by feedback loops
what are the 4 major structures (areas) of the brain
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- brainstem
- cerebellum
what is the cerebral cortex made of, and what is it responsible for
- responsible for conscious thought and recognition of stimulus
- it is made of 2-4mm of grey matter
- and white matter that contains tracts and connects areas
what would be the pathway for sensory information that becomes a conscious recognition
receptor - afferent nerves - ascending tracts in spinal cord - ascending tracts in brainstem - thalamus - cerebral cortex (for conscious thought)
what would be the pathway for motor info (in response to a recognition of sensory info)
cerebral cortex (decision) - descending tracts in brainstem - spinal cord - motor neuron - effector organ
what are 5 characteristics of a reflex
involuntary, rapid (because of minimal synapses), predictable/ stereotyped, unlearnt, doesn’t involve higher brain
what are the 2 types of reflexes and what do they do
somatic - controls skeletal muscles - remove you from pain stimuli, keep balance/posture - involves SC or brain for integration
autonomic - controls smooth and cardiac muscle, and body viscera - maintains body functions - can involve SC and brain stem (eg. for HR and BP)
what are the 3 characteristics of the brainstem and what are its 3 parts
- it is the primitive part of the brain
- it has important integration sections
- all info (higher brain - sc) travels through this region
Parts: Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
what is in the white matter of the brainstem
ascending and descending tracts
what is the role of the medulla oblongata (hint: cssvh)
- integration of reflexes
- regulation of heart rate ( cardiac centre)
- regulates blood vessel diameter (vasomotor centre)
- respiration (medullary rhythmicity centre)
- coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccuping
what is the role of the Pons
- initiates REM sleep (sleep centre)
- respiration (pontine respiratory centre)
what are the 2 centres that work together to aid in respiration and where are they found
- medullary rhythmicity centre ( in the medulla oblongata)
- pontine respiratory centre (in the pons)
What are the roles of the midbrain
- visual reflexes - coordination of head and eye movement (to track moving objects)
- auditory reflexes (startle reflex - when hearing a bnag you look to see where it came from)
what 3 structures make up the wall of the 3rd ventricle
thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus
what is the role of the thalamus
relay of sensory info (directs it to specific area)
what is the role of the epithalamus
regulates emotion and circadian rhythm (24hour cycle) - includes the pineal gland
what is the MAIN role of the hypothalamus
homeostasis
what is the role of the subthalamus
controls motor functions
what are the anatomical and functional connections of the hypothalamus and the pineal gland
anatomical connection - infundibulum
functional connection - blood vessels and nervous tracts